Olyan and Wright (eds.), Supplementation and the Study of the Hebrew Bible
Maimonides at the NLI
From the Money section of yesterdays Telegraph
MAKING MONEY
How to find treasure (but avoid prison)
Amateur treasure hunting is booming, but the rules are complicated, find Sam Brodbeck and Sam Barker
Jane Sidell, inspector of ancient monuments, tells Sam Brodbeck how to treasure hunt
Who hasn’t dreamed of stumbling across a priceless piece of treasure that not only turns you into an overnight millionaire but secures your place in the history books? Amateur treasure hunting has never been more popular. Metal detectors can be bought for as little as £20 online, while television programmes such as Detectorists, written by The Office star Mackenzie Crook, has brought the joys of digging around in mud to a new audience.And the PAS has done its bit too. And of course they will be reacting to this article, will they not?
Combating Anti-Semitism
A remarkable event took place on November 20-21 in Vienna. I had the privilege of participating in the presentation of a 150-page document entitled “An End to Anti-Semitism: A Catalogue of Policies to Combat Anti-Semitism,” which constituted the first result of a conference that was held last February in the same city. The gathering was sponsored by the University of Vienna, New York University, Tel Aviv University and the European Jewish Congress (EJC). The purpose of the conference, which included 150 scholarly presentations before some 1,000 participants, was to bring to bear an interdisciplinary analysis of the problem of anti-Semitism and call on scholars to put forward specific recommendations. I was one of the organizers, along with Professors Armin Lange of the University of Vienna and Dina Porat of Tel Aviv University as well as Dr. Ariel Muzicant, a vice president of the EJC and longtime leader of the Austrian Jewish community. Mark Weitzman of the Wiesenthal Center joined us in editing the report.
Read the rest of this article at Ami Magazine.
The post Combating Anti-Semitism appeared first on Prof. Lawrence H. Schiffman.
"Bring fair metal detecting laws to Sweden" and Sort out the mess in the UK
The Swedish recipe |
You must apply for permission to use your detector via the County administrative boards (Länsstyrelsen). Each application, which covers just a small area of land and applies to only one person, costs 700 Swedish Kronor (around £60 or $77 USD). Länsstyrelsen decides if you will be allowed to detect your chosen site based on the known history of the area. This can take months. If there's a chance of making historically interesting finds, your request will be denied with no refund. In the rare event your site is deemed suitable by Länsstyrelsen's overly strict guidelines, there is a time limit on searching. Another charge of 700 Kronor is then required when applying to renew it. [....] Also, if you find anything older than 1850, you must stop detecting immediately and your permission is revoked - with no refund! The 1849 cut off date for reporting finds is wholly unrealistic, especially since there is little budget in Sweden for an established system for recording finds. This results in many artifacts declared being forgotten in a drawer, or worse still - sent for recycling!The site specific permit system for artefact hunting, with applications approved on the basis of conservation or research needs is - in my opinion - the way forward for British archaeology. The 'responsible detectorists' claim they "want to help", they want to "rescue history", they want to "add to everybody's knowledge of the past" (what the PAS was set up for). It is what RESCUE are also proposing in their 'Policy for the Future' . So, instead of a very costly PAS, why not introduce a permit system in the UK to allow the detectorists there to do what they have all been declaring over 20 years that they want to do, at no cost to the taxpayer? 27000 (or however many) detectorists paying 60 quid a year to remove artefacts from each site they have a 'permission' for is 1,620,000 quid to cover the costs of recording them.
And the costs aspect is pretty important as post-Brexit-disaster Britain faces economic recession and economic disruption. The Swedish petition -owners claim that to set up a Swedish PAS-clone would cost just a 'drop in the ocean' of national tax income:
Budget for and the creation of an organisation tasked with researching and recording finds. This is one of the biggest issues we face. Swedish authorities have given a figure of 15m Kronor (£1.3m or $1.7 USD) needed to organise this. It is a drop in the ocean of tax paid in this country. This money must be put forward for the creation of such an organisation. This would also provide employment opportunities for the many Swedish archeaologists forced to work part time between digs. Ref. The Portable Antiques Scheme (PAS) and Finds Liason Officers (FLO) - England, Wales and Northern Ireland PAS - https://finds.org.uk/ FLO - https://finds.org.uk/getinvolved/guides/pressures[correction: PAS does not cover Northern Irealand of course] yet Sweden has a population of 10.2 million and if we assume they have a proportional number of detectorists to England and Wales (population more than five times that: 56.07 million) using the Swedish figures, the real cost of a comparable PAS in Britain should be £6.5 million quid annually to do the job properly enough to make it worth doing at all. Can Britain afford it? Or would a pay-to-search permit system for law abiding detectorists be the answer?
Swedish Artefact Hunters Tired of Getting Permits
Tired of the permit system |
SMF claims that there are problems with this permit system because in Sweden there is currently 'little budget for an established system for recording finds' ,
This results in many artifacts declared being forgotten in a drawer, or worse still - sent for recycling! [...] Swedish authorities claim that their strict rules are there to protect history, but it's clear for all to see that they have the opposite effect entirely and, for the most part, encourage finds to go unreported. This is not what we want.[...] Swedish politicians [are] doing [...] a disservice by giving little budget to metal detecting [...]Somehow they think that a country that has no budget for this can suddenly find the money, paradoxically by scrapping the revenue that comes from processing these applications for permits. Hmm. Tekkies always did want something on a plate - but paid for by others. Sweden, they say, needs to:
Budget for and the creation of an organisation tasked with researching and recording finds. This is one of the biggest issues we face. Swedish authorities have given a figure of 15m Kronor (£1.3m or $1.7 USD) needed to organise this. It is a drop in the ocean of tax paid in this country. This money must be put forward for the creation of such an organisation. [emphasis in original]Some people are already refusing to work within the system, and here we get the 'celebrity argument' (Bill Wyman, Mackenzie Crook and now a Norwegian athlete):
The urge to search and save this history is so strong for many detectorists in Sweden that they risk prosecution just so they can do the thing they love. Upstanding people like gold medal winning athlete Jimmy Nordin, who currently faces a potential prison sentence for finding a silver coin from the 1700s and writing about it on his blog.Jimmy Nordin was characterised by SMF as "brave". Other adjectives come to my mind.
According to SMF 'The Solution' is:
1) giving landowners the right to give permission for others to detect on their property except registereed monuments ("These areas would be respected as off limits with a 2m (sic!) perimeter"). Here they refer to
"Ref. Scheduled Monuments - England, Wales and Northern Ireland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monumentSo basically scrapping any existing heritage laws en masse, the whole lot, and adopt a copy of the British legal system, to suit the Collection-Driven Exploiters.
2) Instituting a "Treasure Act" requiring reporting of only"objects which constitute a legally defined term of treasure" within 14 days of discovery and then "the finder and land owner sharing a monetary reward (matching market value) as an incentive to report the find". Reference? No surprises:
Ref. Treasure Act 1996 - England, Wales and Northern Ireland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Act_1996So, again a wholesale replacement of the existing legislation - again to suit the artefact hunters.
3) Then they need to "budget for and the creation of an organisation tasked with researching and recording finds" - it unclear whether these are the same finds as in point two, or some other finds and if so, which ones and why. ("This would also provide employment opportunities for the many Swedish archaeologists forced to work part time between digs" - as if that was the only thing archaeologists do). And the reference to that (see a pattern?)
Ref. The Portable Antiques Scheme (PAS) and Finds Liason Officers (FLO) - England, Wales and Northern Ireland PAS - https://finds.org.uk/ FLO - https://finds.org.uk/getinvolved/guides/pressures[FLOs do not operate in Northern Ireland, whichn has a diferent system] They also suggest that the cut off date for finds that must be reported should be lowered from the current 1850 to 1535, "matching that of Danish law". "This would also relieve pressure on any organisation tasked with recording finds, plus reduce its budget requirements and workload". That's nice of them, eh, to think of all the work they are creating by their enjoyment of their exploitive hobby that somebody else "must" pay for. All nice and dandy, except it would also mean that artefact hunters' research on and metal detecting of sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth century would not be available to enable research on the history of the Swedish cultural landscape in the past half millennium. That rather conflicts with the stated desire to use their detecting to discover and 'save history' in their country, but in the case of that of the most immediate (and formative) centuries of Swedish history, from Vasa times onwards, they apparently want the law to give them the right to pocket all themselves. I presume that post-medieval archaeology does not have a very high position in the publc consciousness in Sweden.
Their fifth suggestion is that the current specific permit system should be replaced by a generalist one (a bit like a dog licence)
5) A metal detecting licence with a fee to cover the administrative costs involved. This permanent licence, which could simply be a quotable reference number logged in a database, would be available to anyone and involve no tests. However, it would include a mail out upon application with reading material outlining the law, metal detecting code of conduct and information written by qualified archaeologists on how to best extract, clean your finds and/or preserve finds for handing over to museums.I think the qualified archaeologist would surely say that the best way to extract detected individual finds from an archaeological context or assemblage is "not to". Note no mention on documentation. I guess that too is supposed to be done by "someone else". Perhaps the museum staff would prefer to do their own cleaning. Note that here there is no limit on where once issued ("to anyone with no tests") this licence can be used - so basically a totally meaningless document.
Then the sixth proposed "solution" is just laughable:
6) General Discussion, compromise and understanding between Länsstyrelsen, The Department of Culture, Swedish archaeologists and patrons of Swedish metal detecting from Sveriges Metallsökarförening (SMF).The link they give for their organization goes to an article "Sweden joins ECMD!". I suspect from reading the above that there is pretty little chance of getting any "understanding" from folk who have so little knowledge of what they are talking about that they cite wikipedia and the PAS as sources on anything - and especially how so far everybody has "got everything wrong", hownd detectorists are 'victims' and 'misunderstood'. We've seen this pattern time and time again. Once again collectors are alienating themselves from a discussion before they have even started. I think this is deliberate, they claim they are the ones that want to initiate a discussion (on their terms) and then criticise those (archaeologists, lawmakers - this petition is directed to the Minister of Culture) whop see no point in taking part in talking about what "they""must" do to accomodate the exploitive hobby.
This petition goes to show how utterly damaging the PAS is, not only to British archaeology, but its pernicious influence is spreading across Europe. The sooner we kick Britain out so it can nop longer influence thought in the EU, the better from the point of view of the preservation of the archaeological record on the continent. Let us see the insular point of view on 'partnership' for what it is, a totally narrow and insular view.
Heritage Action Helping Conservation Abroad, but at Home?
Heritage Action share the news ('Heritage Journal helping conservation abroad?' Heritage Journal 16th Dec 2018) that a foreign archaeologist has asked to republish the chart from one of their 2014 articles. Let’s hope it’s widely read elsewhere. And how many British archaeologists have already asked their permission to use it in their deep reflections on their role in encouraging the preservation of the archaeological record from wanton Collection-Driven Exploitation? Has it reached double figures yet?
One of the views in the disturbing survey of British archaeologists' views on the consequences for the archaeological study of the past of the impending Brexit (only 8% voted for it) includes the view that amonge the reasons for the (apparently) dismal prospects of archaeology in the immediate future because of this action is that:
"Archaeology is perceived by thepublic as a hobby rather than contributing to the benefit of community (paradoxically all the outreach with schools, open days etc which are so popular probably reinforces this view)- in that respect we're light years behind environmentalists"Thank the PAS for that, too. The PAS has done untold damage to British archaeology - "they created an (intellectual) desert and called it Partnership"
Swedish Detectorists Rescue the PASt?
The Swedish artefact hunters who want the current permit system scrapped (SMF 'Bring fair metal detecting laws to Sweden', Sveriges Metallsökarförening) reckon they can get away with the Good Collector argument. Like the underwater treasure hunters discussed by Jerome Lynne Hall, 'The Fig and The Spade: Countering the Deceptions of Treasure Hunters' AIA News August 14, 2007), they reckon they can make a case for their exploitive blind hoiking of collectables into some form of 'rescue':
New roads and housing developments which involve deep earth works go ahead every day and there are no laws saying you can't dig a swimming pool in your garden. So why shouldn't we dig little holes with our spades? Swedish authorities argue history should be preserved for future generations and that metal detecting can damage this history. But when left in the ground, artifacts are being crushed by ploughs, disolving in acidic soil, or at risk of being lost forever under carparks and shopping centres.
Sweden, land use in 2010 (%) |
Industrial farming and the levels of acidity in Swedish soil puts archaeology at far bigger risk. Ploughs destroy metal finds with their blades and the chemicals used in modern farming are highly corrosive to bronze and other copper alloys - the most common metals used throughout history. Plus, Swedens own National Heritage Board (Riksantikvarieämbetet) have research documents outlining the impact on archaeological material in Swedish soil. Written by Anders G. Nord and Agneta Lagerlöf in 2002, they tell us that soil in Sweden has some of the highest acidity levels in the whole of Europe and how it's quickly destroying archaeology. Read their study here:
Distribution of forest areas in Europe. |
As for pollution, do take a look at the literature concerning forestry in Sweden. No need to worry, a lot of it is published in English. And that concerning acid pollution or groundwater, rivers and lakes. Surprisingly enough (duh) there are quite a number of studies showing the acidity is decreasing - except that which is due to non-anthropogenic sources, like for example the types of trees on a given soil type. Just Google it with a bit of understanding of what you are reading.
Soil acidity is a factor in the underground corrosion of bone (not found with metal detectors) and iron (because hydrogen ions are part of the corrosion process) but copper alloys corrode in a different way and theose processes are less susceptable to pH as other factors (such as organic acids). But many metal detectorists filter out the signals from iron anyway, iron was used for too many mundane things like nails.
This soil acidity argument is a false one, and the shameful thing is that detectorists know that - look at what they are pulling out of the ground and putting on eBay. Where is that "soil chemical effect" visible there?
Weekend Roundup, Part 2
Archaeologists have discovered a 5th-Dynasty tomb in Saqqara, Egypt, that has never been looted. Excavations begin today. The photos are impressive.
A 4,500-year-old marble pillar that sat in the basement of the British Museum for 150 years has been revealed as the first recorded account of a conflict over a disputed border— and the earliest known instance of word play. The pillar is featured in an exhibit entitled, "No Man's Land," that runs through January.
The use of machine translation may open the door to deciphering more than half a million cuneiform tablets from Mesopotamia.
The Syrian Director General of Museums and Antiquities claims that the US is looting ancient tombs in northern Syria.
The November issue of the Newsletter of the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities features stories on the latest archaeological discoveries, the transfer of antiquities to the new Grand Egyptian Museum, and cultural events.
All past issues of the “Archaeology in Jordan” Newsletter are now available online. The 2018 issue is also available here.
The new issue of Biblical Archaeology Review includes stories on the destruction of Azekah, an artificial tell in Arkansas, and excavation opportunities in 2019.
Students from all over the world, including Arab countries, have joined Aren Maeir’s MOOC on biblical archaeology.
The Institute of Biblical Culture will be offering two classes in January: Biblical Geography I and Early Biblical Interpreters I. They are also running a buy two, get one free special.
David Moster shares his experience at this year’s SBL conference with a 10-minute video.
The first in Ferrell’s Favorite Fotos series is of Babylon, taken in 1970.
HT: Agade, Ted Weis, Joseph Lauer, Chris McKinny, Keith Keyser
Antike Heute in Hamburg (AHinHH)
I am very happy to present here a project I carried out in collaboration with the HOOU (Hamburg Open Online University) over the last summer. It was great fun and I really appreciated to work with the team of the HOOU!
The idea was around for quite a while and I have to thank three people here for their inspirations: two very dear friends from back home and a colleague from abroad. I am fully aware that the project owes much to the nice conversions we had. So I start to thank my two friends for their warm welcome each time we met and the lively exchanges during these encounters! As far as my colleague is concerned, the project can be seen as an answer to our regular and very inspiring meetings last spring.
The project takes the form of an online quiz on Graeco-Roman mythology (with unfortunately for the time being only three questions!). It takes as its starting point works of art in the public space of Hamburg, allowing people, who are willing to answer the quiz, to get aware of the everyday presence of items inspired by Classical heritage.
This is especially relevant for Hamburg, as it is situated in an area that was never included in the Roman empire. Yet, until quite recently, there was a willingness to use Classical references to represent and embellish the city.
So if you are curious or you would like to test your knowledge either on Hamburg or on Graeco-Roman mythology, please have a go! You find the link here (https://antikeheutehh.blogs.uni-hamburg.de) or you may click on the image below.
Deus Ex Machina: Depicting Cranes and Pulleys in the Ancient World
Within ancient theater, the phrase ‘deus ex machina‘ actually referred to a crane called a μηχανή (the Greek term from whence we get our “machine”) used to suspend and then lower individuals onto the stage during performances of tragic plays, particularly those written by Sophocles and Euripides. In nine of his plays, an epiphanic deus was lowered into the tragedy in order to hasten a resolution. In the Medea, Medea is hoisted and then lowered onto the stage in a chariot that is pulled along by winged (and perhaps bearded) dragons as she carries the two dead boys she shared with Jason in her arms. Pulley systems were used for dramatic and often divine resolutions, but they were also an integral part of building practices in the ancient world.
The development of compound pulleys are a Hellenistic invention attributed to Archimedes of Syracuse in the late 3rd century BCE for lifting warships. It would be followed by the Roman development of more complex systems developed by the Romans. The use of such cranes and pulleys and how art informs us about their antique use were on my mind as soon as I saw the new 5th century CE mosaic discovered this summer by the UNC Huqoq Excavation Project, directed by Jodi Magness at the Jewish site of Huqoq in Israel (a site I have admired and written about a number of times).
The mosaic depicts the construction of the Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9) in Shinar within Mesopotamia alongside other mosaic depictions of the 12 signs of the zodiac and Jonah being swallowed by a fish. The mosaic is a late antique depiction of the use of pulleys and ropes in order to lift heavy blocks. It appears to use a pulley system and stabilizing beam similar to that described by Vitruvius in Book X of his De Architectura.
Repost from unccollege
Jodi Magness and her team have released new photos of their dig at an ancient Jewish village. The fifth century mosaics in Huqoq include a panel depicting the construction of the Tower of Babel, which Magness says gives important evidence of ancient buil pic.twitter.com/wsg65RAbJp— UNCReligiousStudies (@reliunc) November 28, 2018
Perhaps the most famous depiction of a complex machine used for lifting is that of the treadwheel crane from the Tomb of the Haterii discovered outside of Rome. It contains three Flavian era reliefs, one of which depicts the tomb itself being built in either the late 1st or early 2nd centuries CE. It gives us an idea of the building technology available to Romans at the time of the high empire, but also provides insight into the use of labor to power it. Within the wheel of the crane itself, five small male workers (likely servi) help to power the crane’s system of pulleys, braided ropes, and even the treenails used to hold it together.
We are heavily reliant upon artistic depictions of such cranes since, as Roger Ulrich (2008: 37-38) notes, there are no surviving technical treatises and accompanying drawings that instruct us on their creation of use:
No original copies of Greek or Latin technical treatises have survived; we can only speculate about the kind of graphic aids they may have included. That illustrations once accompanied such literary texts or how-to-do-it handbooks seems a reasonable assumption.
Another Roman relief records the vision of Lucceius Peculiaris as he addresses the genius (“spirit deity”) of the theater itself. The inscription notes that a dream compelled the builder to patronage of a new proscaenium (a theatrical stage component) at Capua (CIL X, 3821): ‘Lucceius Peculiaris redemptor prosceni ex biso fecit‘. Two barely-clothed enslaved workers labor inside of the treadwheel crane to work a system of pulleys. Such reliefs can instruct us not only on the types of machines in use, but also on the types of labor used in a certain period. Just as slaves were used within Roman bakeries to turn the heavy millstones (along with livestock), they appear to have often been assigned work within Roman treadwheels.
Returning back to the mosaic from Huqoq and what exactly the Tower of Babel mosaic can tell us, it is worth noting that medieval manuscripts, frescoes, and mosaics reveal that the construction of the Tower of Babel was a popular theme in art both in the eastern and western portions of the Mediterranean. A 15th century manuscript now at the Getty provides a window into the continued fascination with the tower’s building, but also the anachronism present in such depictions.
A miniature showing the building of the Tower of Babel accompanies Rudolf von Ems’s retelling of the Old Testament story. The dapperly dressed King Nimrod, at left, supervises the construction of the tower by workers. The building procedures probably mirror medieval practices closely. The laborers stand on wooden scaffolding with beams inserted into the walls through put holes. Two rows of put holes are visible below the windows, showing earlier stages of the scaffolding. The workers also hoist bricks and stone to the upper levels using a pulley system.
Art focused on construction practices often projects the building processes of the contemporary moment onto the past. Thus many medieval depictions of the building of the Tower of Babel reflect how a cathedral in the middle ages would have been built. The late 11th century mosaics from Saint Mark’s in Venice (North vault, west side) are a good illustration of this phenomenon (see many more pictures from Dumbarton Oaks’ mosaic library here). Thus we must be careful using any art to reverse engineer machines from differing time periods.
An understanding of ancient technological mechanisms is imperative to understanding the methods and labor involved in the construction of buildings in antiquity––but using art to do so comes with a number of caveats. Artistic depictions provide a starting point, but are no necessarily a blueprint. Late Roman and medieval illustrations of the Tower of Babel’s construction often reveal to us the building processes of the moment rather than those of ancient Mesopotamia. But that doesn’t mean we shouldn’t still look to these works as a means of understanding the personae ex machina who built, operated, and labored within these mechanisms.
Abbreviated Bibliography:
Jean-Pierre Adam, Roman Building: Materials and Techniques, 1st Edition (London and New York: Routledge, 1994).
Seth Bernard, Building Mid-Republican Rome, Labor, Architecture, and the Urban Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).
Christine Sciacca, Building the Medieval World (Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2010).
Roger Ulrich, “Representations of Technical Processes,” in The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World, edited by John Peter Oleson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 35-61.
Andrew Wilson, “Machines in Greek and Roman Technology,” in The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World, edited by John Peter Oleson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), 337-368.
Open Access Journal: Antiquity Now Newsletter
Antiquity Now Newsletter
The mission of AntiquityNOW is to raise awareness of the importance of preserving our cultural heritage by demonstrating how antiquity’s legacy influences and shapes our lives today and for generations to come.
AntiquityNOW carries out its mission through public engagement, educational programs and advocacy on behalf of our collective world heritage.
The goal of AntiquityNOW is to illustrate that humankind’s commonalities are stronger than its differences, and to share this knowledge to promote mutual understanding, tolerance and peaceful co-existence among our global family.
Quarterly Newsletter– February 2016
Quarterly Newsletter– July 2015
Quarterly Newsletter– April 2015
Quarterly Newsletter– January 2015
Newsletter Blog Recap– September 2014
Newsletter Blog Recap– April 2014
Newsletter Blog Recap– March 2014
Newsletter Blog Recap– February 2014
Newsletter Blog Recap– January 2014
Newsletter: Blog Recap– December 2013
Newsletter: Keeping the Ancient Current– September 2013
Newsletter: Keeping the Ancient Current– August 2013
Newsletter: Keeping the Ancient Current– June 2013
Newsletter: Keeping the Ancient Current– May 2013
Open Access Journal: Damqãtum: The CEHAO News letter/ El Boletín de Noticias del CEHAO
Damqatum: THE CEHAO NEWSLETTER/ EL BOLETÍN DE NOTICIAS DEL CEHAO
Damqatum es el boletín de noticias del CEHAO editado tanto en castellano como en inglés, con el que se busca acercar la comunidad científica al público en general, para lo cual se realizan entrevistas a destacados académicos y se promueven o informa sobre diversas actividades tanto de extensión como de grado y posgrado, como exposiciones, congresos, jornadas y seminarios.
Se aceptan todo tipo de contribuciones y/o información sobre eventos destacados sobre la historia de antiguo Cercano Oriente.
Damqatum is the CEHAO newsletter, edited in Spanish and English. The newsletter endeavors to present scholarly topics to the general public, publishing interviews to prestigious scholars and promoting or informing academic and extra-curricular activities, such as expositions, congresses, workshops and seminars
.
Damqatum accepts all kinds of contributions and/or information on important events of the history of the ancient Near East.
Podcast 6.1: Introduction to Associations in the Greco-Roman World
Podcast 6.1: Introduction to Associations in the Greco-Roman World (Download).
Podcast 6.2: Social, Religious, and Burial Activities of Associations
Podcast 6.2: Social, Religious, and Burial Activities of Associations (Download)
Podcast 6.3: Judean and Christian Groups as Associations
Podcast 6.3: Judean and Christian Groups as Associations (Download).
Podcast 6.4: Associations and Greco-Roman Society (The City)
Podcast 6.4: Associations and Greco-Roman Society (The City) (Download).
Podcast 6.5: Associations and the Roman Empire
Podcast 6.5: Associations and the Roman Empire (Download).
Podcast 6.6: Approaches to Studying Ethnic Associations and Identities
Podcast 6.6: Approaches to Studying Ethnic Associations and Identities (Download).
Podcast 6.7: Phoenician Immigrant Associations, part 1
Podcast 6.7: Phoenician Immigrant Associations, part 1 (Download).