I’ve spent some quality time with the most recent volume of Late Antique Archaeology this past month in preparation for writing a short contribution with David Pettegrew on connectivity in the Late Roman eastern Mediterranean. We plan to compare the Late Roman assemblages produced by two survey projects:  Eastern Korinthia Archaeological Project and Pyla-Koutsopetria Archaeology Project. An important component of both assemblages is Late Roman amphoras: EKAS produced substantial quantities of Late Roman 2 Amphora probably produced in the Argolid; PKAP produced quantities of Late Roman 1 Amphora produced both on Cyprus and in southern Cilicia. We hope to discuss how the concentrations of these common transport vessels reflected and complicated how we understand economic patterns in the Late Antiquity.

Over the past half-century two basic models for the Late Roman economy have emerged. The earlier models saw the state as the primary engine for trade in antiquity. More recently, however, scholars have argued that the core feature of ancient trade is small-scale interaction between microregions across the Mediterranean basin. While there is undoubtedly some truth in both models, the latter has substantially more favor among scholars at present and the volume dedicated to connectivity focuses on the kind of small-scale interregional exchange that created a network of social, economic, and even cultural connections that defined the ancient Mediterranean world. The classic question introduced to complicate our view of ancient connectivity is: if the ancient Mediterranean is defined by these small-scale connections, then why did the political, economic, social, and even cultural unity of the communities tied to the Middle Sea collapse with the fall of Roman political organization in Late Antiquity?

This is where David and I want to introduce the complicating matter of formation process archaeology. The substantial assemblages of Late Roman amphora represent the accumulation of discard from two “nodes” within the Late Antique economic network. These two nodes, however, are particularly visible because of the substantial concentration of a class of transport vessel.

These transport vessels most likely served to transport supplies to imperial troops either stationed in the Balkans or around the Black Sea, or in the case of the Eastern Korinthia, working to refortify the massive Hexamilion Wall that ran the width of the Isthmus of Corinth or stationed in its eastern fortress near the sanctuary of Isthmia. The visibility of these two areas depends upon a kind of artifact associated with a kind of exchange. As David has noted the surface treatments associated with LR2 amphora make them highly diagnostic in the surface record. LR1s, in turn, have highly diagnostic, twisted, handles that make them stand out from a surface assemblage dominated by relatively undifferentiated body sherds. In other words, these amphora assemblages represent a visible kind of economic activity.

The impact of this visible type of economic activity on our understanding of Late Roman connectivity is complex. On the one hand, the kind of persistent, low-level, economic connections associated with most models of connectivity are unlikely to leave much evidence on the surface. The diverse and relatively small group of very diverse amphoras, for example, found upon the coasting vessel at Fig Tree Bay on Cyprus would have been deposited at numerous small harbors along its route. Moreover, the fluidity of the networks that characterized connectivity would have made the routes of caboteurs irregular and contingent on various economic situations throughout the network of relationships. This variability and the small-scale of this activity is unlikely to have created an archaeologically visible assemblage at any one point on these routes. More than this, overland trade in wine or olive oil may not have used amphoras at all further impairing the archaeological visibility of the kind of low-level connectivity characteristic of Mediterranean exchange patterns. Between ephemeral containers and variable, low-density scatters, the regular pattern of archaeological exchange characterizing connectivity will never be especially visible in the landscape.

In contrast, imperial provisioning requirements, fueled for example by the quaestura exercitus, would present exceptionally visible assemblages of material. The interesting thing, to me, is that the amphoras visible on the surface in the Korinthia and at Koutsopetria  are not what is being exchanged, but the containers in which exchange occurs. The material exchanged, olive oil and wine, are almost entirely invisible in the archaeological records on their own. The visibility of these two places reflects the presence of outlets for a region’s produce. The produce itself, however, leaves very little trace, and we have to assume that networks that integrated microregions across the Mediterranean functioned to bring goods from across a wide area to a particular site for large-scale export.

The collapse of these sites of large-scale export during the tumultuous 7th and 8th centuries did not make trade between microregions end, but it made it more contingent and less visible, as I have argued for this period on Cyprus. The absence of large accumulations of highly diagnostic artifact types in one place represent a return to our ability to recognize normal patterns of Mediterranean exchange as much as the disruption of this exchange. The decline of these sites both deprived archaeologists of visible monuments of exchange and ancient communities of a brief moment of economic stability within longstanding contingent networks.

Hundreds of people in Canterbury took to the city’s Westgate Parks, to take part in an archaeological dig that uncovered Roman artefacts, treasures, and Britain’s oldest road.

Over six hundred people stopped by the community dig over the three-day weekend, to see some of the amazing finds unearthed by more than seventy members of the community, volunteers from the Friends of Westgate Parks, and members of the Canterbury Archaeological Trust.

The dig unearthed a part of the Roman Watling Street, the ancient trackway between Canterbury and St Albans. Read more.

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Dr. Anna Anguissola
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
Graduate School Distant Worlds
Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1
D-80539 München

The site “Vox” shared a set of “40 Maps that Explain the Roman Empire.” A number of them are interesting for those who teach Biblical studies. Since I am teaching a class on Paul and the early church this semester, a couple seemed particularly relevant. For instance, this one seems like it might help students in the United States grasp the geographic extent of the Roman Empire:

And this one, showing distances in terms of travel time, is likewise of particular relevance in conveying what was involved in Paul’s travels:

I am less happy with this one, which seems to give an impression of complete Christianization by region, whereas it would be more accurate to say that this depicts regions where Christianity could be found in the periods indicated:

Among the assignments that students can submit in the class this semester, making maps of their own is an option. What maps do we not have readily available online, which would help explain something about Paul’s life and activity? My students might benefit from your suggestions.

Fig. 1. The Temple of Apollo at Corinth. This is the view I see each day as I walk from the excavation house to the Museum.

I am writing from the site of Ancient Corinth, where excavations under the auspices of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens have been going on since the late 19th century.  The Corinth Excavations have been a training ground for generations of archaeologists, including me, and I thank the director, Guy Sanders, and assistant director, Ioulia Tzonou-Herbst, for making Corinth such a wonderful place to work.  I’ve been working at Corinth for a long time, so I’m also indebted to the director emeritus, Charles Williams, and the assistant director emerita, Nancy Bookidis, for a scholarly lifetime of support, encouragement, and friendship.

At Corinth, I am working on late seventh and early sixth century BCE pottery from the area known as the Potters’ Quarter.   Up next to the city wall on the west side of the city, the Potters’ Quarter is one of the sites around the city where pottery was produced.   The Potters’ Quarter was excavated by Agnes Newhall Stillwell, a graduate of Bryn Mawr College, for several years beginning in 1929, when she was a fellow at the American School.  No kilns where the pottery was fired have been discovered in the Potters’ Quarter, but the large quantities of damaged–misfired, cracked, misshapen–pottery as well as much material associated with pottery production, especially try-pieces, that are found in fills and deposits make clear that pottery was produced nearby.

Fig 2. Corinth C-31-46

I am working on the very large quantity of material from a well–Well 1929-1 in Corinth nomenclature–in the Potters’ Quarter.  The well was dug in the 7th century BCE and once it went dry, it was filled up with quantities of pottery, discarded no doubt from nearby potteries.  Some of the pottery from the well was published by Stillwell and J. L. Benson (Corinth XV:3:  The Potters’ Quarter: The Pottery.  Princeton 1984), but much remained unstudied and that is what I am working on.  I am particularly interested in the different painters whose work is represented in the well’s contents, and here I’ll focus on the painters of the shape known in Corinth as the kotyle.  It’s the same as a skyphos, a deep two-handled drinking cup, and the kotyle is very common in Corinthian pottery of the late seventh to mid-sixth centuries BCE.   Some Corinthian kotylai (the plural of kotyle) are very fine, but not the ones I’m working with.   An example, Corinth C-31-46, (fig. 2) from elsewhere at Corinth shows the shape–only one handle is visible here–and the decorative scheme, which includes a figural zone that here has an elongated panther and part of another animal.

Fig. 3. Philadelphia 49-33-26

I have grown quite familiar with the style of these Corinthian kotyle painters, and one day, a few years ago, when I was looking a drawer of pottery sherds in the Mediterranean Section, I saw a small fragment by a painter well known to me from the kotylai of my Potters’ Quarter well.   The fragment, 49-33-26 (fig. 3), is part of a small study collection of Greek pottery, some of it from the Potters’ Quarter, which came to the Museum sixty-five years ago thanks to the generosity of the Greek government.  The Penn fragment is the work of an artist we call the Painter of KP- 248, whose name vase is from the Potters’ Quarter.  That fragment preserves the head of a panther, and you can see that same panther face in another little sherd, Corinth L-29-10-302, (fig. 4) also by the painter and also from the well.  And you see it again in the group of joining fragments, Corinth L-29-10-92, (fig. 6) which preserves about a third of the kotyle and has two elongated panthers (the head of the panther at the right is not preserved); these fragments are from the well and are the work of the Painter of KP-248.  The Painter of KP-248 was clearly painting his kotylai at a pretty rapid rate and usually stretches out his animals so that there’s only room for three in the picture zone.

Fig. 4. Corinth L-29-10-302

Fig. 5. Corinth L-29-10-11 by the Painter of KP 14

To see how the style of the Painter of KP-248 is different from that of other Corinthian vase-painters, compare it to that of the kotyle Corinth C-31-36 above  (fig. 2), again from elsewhere at Corinth, and also to this other kotyle fragment, L-29-10-11, (fig. 5) from the well, by an artist also named for a complete kotyle in the well, the Painter of KP-14 (Yes, the painters have boring nicknames.   Of course, we don’t know the painters’ real names, so we give them nicknames, sometimes rather dull ones.).   You can see that the painters use the same idiom as they delineate their panther faces, with eyes flanking a prominent nose ridge, curved ears a little like leaves, and little lines to mark the muzzle or the whiskers.  But you can also see how alike the Painter of KP-248′s kotylai are and how different they are from the others, how different the details of the style of the Painter of KP-248 are from those of the other painters.

Fig. 6. Corinth L-29-10-92

The group of joining fragments, Corinth L-29-10-92 (fig. 6) by the Painter of KP 248, shows some variation in color because of problems with the firing.  You can see the animals and ornament are brownish instead of black, and there’s a reddish area on the top of the left panther’s head, on the right panther’s tail, and on the dots of fill ornament above the right panther’s back.  This reminds us of the extensive and important evidence that the material from the Potters’ Quarter provides for the study of the technology of pottery production.  And a new generation of scholars is discovering the significance of the Potters’ Quarter material, through new technical and scientific studies.  Amanda Reiterman (fig. 7), graduate student in Penn’s Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World program and Kolb Junior Fellow, and Bice Peruzzi, a graduate student at the University of Cincinnati, are doing new technical and scientific studies of the Potters’ Quarter material so that we may better understand pottery production and technology in the Corinth of the seventh and sixth centuries BCE.

Fig. 7. Working on Potters’ Quarter material at Corinth with Amanda Reiterman, graduate student in the Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World program, last summer.

Ceramics from the Tombarelle site

This summer, I had the pleasure of being accepted to be a part of the sixth and final season of the Roman Peasant Project. I excavated alongside a team of professional archaeologists, professors, and graduate, PhD, and undergraduate students in rural Tuscany in Cinigiano, a municipality in the Province of Grosseto. The site we excavated was called Tombarelle. The Roman Peasant Project, directed by Kim Bowes, Cam Grey, Emanuele Vaccaro, and Mari Ghisleni, is one of very few archaeological excavations that seeks to uncover and investigate the lifestyles of peasants in the Roman period. Since a great majority of the material culture of Roman antiquity represents persons of wealth and status, this project is very important for expanding the views gathered from these traditional sources. Being the final season of the project, I was very excited to learn of the accumulation of data over the years and the conclusions drawn from the evidence discovered across rural Tuscany.

Having had no previous experience in archaeology, with the exception of an introductory course taken during the first semester of my freshman year, I quickly learned the elementary concepts of rescue-style excavation. Unlike tradition excavation, this style of archaeology requires the digging and investigation of an area to occur at a brisk pace. The four trenches we excavated were first discovered through use of an archaeological survey. They were dug quickly and were some of the many areas of interest for excavation in Cinigiano.  Following the survey, an excavator was called to remove the first few layers of soil, and we began the excavation by troweling in order to clean the trenches. It was quite a funny thing for one to “clean” dirt, and I have to say, I enjoyed every minute of it.

Discovering artifacts and new methods of surveying was both a very entertaining and exciting endeavor. Within the first week, we began work with pick axes and shovels and discovered our first finds of the excavation, with many of them dating from the fifth century AD. When a found had been made, a series of happy squeals emanated from those of us new to the field of archaeology. By the end of the second week, I had not only worked on every area of the dig site, but also had also learned to take measurements with a dumpy level. This required me to look through a leveled instrument to read certain heights on a measurement stick, almost like peering through a telescope at a vertical ruler. After taking the level of a small find and a fixed point, a small amount of math was applied to find the height of the artifact in respect to the sea level. Whenever such a prominent small find was uncovered, like a piece of Roman glass, for example, a dumpy level and a total station would be the instruments used to document the location of said small find.

Trench 17000 of the Tombarelle site

I worked primarily in two trenches during the duration of the excavation. For the first week and a half, I worked mainly on a structure thought to be a cistern. By the end of the dig, we discovered that it had, indeed, been used as a cistern during Roman times but had been reconditioned to serve as a basement of a medieval tower. It was in trench 17000, however, where I spent most of the hours and the remaining two and a half weeks of the excavation. During the third week of excavating trench 17000, we uncovered a tile floor, mostly flat. This floor was surrounded on two sides by what appeared to be walls. This building could very well have been a Roman house. In addition to learning the physical aspects of an archaeological excavation, I learned how to fill out context sheets for my trench and transcribe the written context sheets onto a computer database.

Our finds led us to question the complexity of what a Roman peasant truly was. The peasants we studied in Cinigiano lived in rural societies. It is unknown, however, if they were as poverty-stricken as traditional views would relay. It was interesting to discover that the evidence from the material culture we unearthed suggested that the Roman peasants of this area had a great knowledge of the world outside of their farms and agricultural societies. Throughout the course of the dig, we unearthed pottery sherds, including some pieces of Terra sigillata, animal bone fragments, and pieces of tile and imbrex. Many of the pottery sherds we found were from pots and amphora that were replicas of original pieces found elsewhere across the Roman Empire. Two particular potsherds that we found had leaf-like designs etched into the clay. The pottery specialists on the excavation confirmed that these particular pieces were, indeed, reproductions of the originals. In respect to the animal bones we found, which were the bones of both cows and pigs, some possessed gnaw marks while others did not. This could suggest that these animals, in addition to being raised for sustenance, were used for certain manufacturing purposes. The building we found, if not a house, could have been a tannery or a farm. It could have also served another industrial purpose. This suggests that these peasants were involved in the manufacturing of, importation, and exportation of goods for trade.

My experience with the Roman Peasant Project in Cinigiano was an amazing one. Not only did I learn about the field of archaeology as a whole, but also I met many outstanding friends and scholars. We spent many days laughing and singing in the trenches and many late nights talking after dinner about careers, the future, favorite television shows, and, of course, the ancient world that we were attempting to uncover. My first bout with archaeology may not have been quite so exhilarating as Indiana Jones might have found it, but, in all honesty, I probably had just as much fun as the good doctor.

The Satellite Bible Atlas now has a Canadian distributor. Until now, shipping to Canada from the U.S. cost nearly as much as the book itself. The Family Christian Bookstore in Ontario now sells the atlas, and shipping charges are much more reasonable to Canadian addresses. The Bible Lands Satellite Map is also available.

Two ancient tomb covers, which were found during the rehabilitation of an underpass in Istanbul’s historical peninsula, have been delivered to Istanbul Archaeology Museum, but only after being damaged in the construction work.

The tomb parts were discovered while a bulldozer was working to remove asphalt on the Vezneciler Underpass, next to the main door of Istanbul University, as part of a project which started Aug. 5. The Istanbul Archaeology Museum was informed when the tombs were found, albeit after they were damaged due by the heavy construction vehicle.

The area was defined as a “necropolis” in the ancient era of the city. Read more.

Fondata da Enzo Degani nel 1990, la rivista «Eikasmós. Quaderni Bolognesi di Filologia Classica» si è sempre caratterizzata per una vocazione squisitamente critico-testuale ed esegetica (la prima sezione di ogni numero è per l'appunto di «Esegesi e critica testuale»), per una rigorosa attenzione alla storia della filologia classica (cui è consacrata la seconda sezione di ogni volume) e per un costante impegno di aggiornamento e valutazione degli studi del settore (alle recensioni e alle segnalazioni bibliografiche sono riservate le ultime due sezioni della rivista).


Founded by Enzo Degani in 1990, the review «Eikasmós. Quaderni Bolognesi di Filologia Classica» is devoted to textual criticism and exegesis (the first section of each issue is dedicated to «Esegesi e critica testuale»), to the history of classical scholarship (the second section of each volume), and to a systematic and up-to-date survey of scholarly works in the fields of classical studies (the two last sections of each issue include reviews and a bibliographical supplement).

Collection «Eikasmós Online»

1. Claudio De Stefani, Galeni De differentiis febrium versio Arabica (Bologna 2004)

2. Barbara Zipser (ed.), Medical Books in the Byzantine World (Bologna 2013)

Das Forum Archaeologiae versteht sich als Plattform, die Archäologen sowie Vertretern verwandter Wissenschaftszweige ein Medium zur Publikation ihrer Arbeiten im Internet bieten will. Das Forum entstand im Jahre 1996 aus der privaten Initiative der Herausgeber und ist finanziell sowie institutionell unabhängig. Das Forum Archaeologiae will sowohl Autoren als auch Interessierten einen unbürokratischen, kostenlosen und direkten Zugang zu aktuellen Publikationen und den medialen Möglichkeiten des Internet bieten.

Seit der 20. Ausgabe hat das Forum Archaeologiae nunmehr eine - wie wir hoffen - endgültige Heimat im Internet gefunden. Es erhielt im September 2001 seine eigene Domain unter http://farch.net (oder http://www.farch.net).

AKTUELLE AUSGABE

Mithras & Co
G. Kremer
Colophon 2013
U. Muss u.a.
Toçak Dağı (Lykien)
M. Seyer, H. Lotz, P. Brandstätter
Pelagios
R. Simon

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AUSGABE 70/III/2014

15. Archäologentag

Programm
G. Grabherr, E. Kistler
Mykenisches
K. Bernhardt
Prozession
F. Blakolmer
Cauponae
A. Calabró
Merkurstatuetten
A. Drack
Carnuntum
M. Grossmann
Christl. Lampen
St. Hofbauer
Bonda Tepe/Limyra
O. Hülden, S. Mayer, U. Schuh, B. Yener-Marksteiner
Zwischengoldglas
J. Köck
Brigantium
J. Kopf
Steinbruch
G. Kremer
A. Conze
K.R. Krierer, I. Friedmann
Hypokausta
H. Lehar
Pheneos
M. Lehner, S. Tausend, K. Tausend
Side
U. Lohner-Urban
Peloponnes
H. Maier
Thalerhof
P. Marko
Vindobona
M. Mosser
Brigantium
K. Oberhofer
Castelinho dos Mouros
K. Oberhofer
Monte Iato
B. Öhlinger
Götter
T. Osada
Foce del Sele
D. Probst
Aphrodisias
U. Quatember
Hanghaus 2
E. Rathmayr
St. Pölten
R. Risy
Opferfleisch
V. Sossau
Grabstelen
E. Tanaka
Troesmis
A. Waldner
Bier
J. Weilhartner
Mittelhelladikum
M. Zavadil

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AUSGABE 69/XII/2013

Tischgeschirr
S. Jäger-Wersonig
Hekatombe
Hannes Lehar
Fundort Wien
Stadtarchäologie Wien
Echt?
Kathrin B. Zimmer

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AUSGABE 68/IX/2013

ΦΥΤΑ ΚΑΙ ΖΩΙΑ

Programm
C. Lang-Auinger, E. Trinkl
Festvortrag
E. Böhr

Flowers
I. Algrain
Swans
Ch. Avronidaki
Figurenvasen
St. Böhm
Euboean
M. Chidiroglou
Ivy
F. Díez Platas
Exotische Tiere
G.R. Dumke
Kommunikation
B. Franke
Plastic Vases
J.R. Guy
Animal-Skins
A. Harden
Marine Life
K. E. Heuer
Tanzpartner
E. Hofstetter
Horses
M. Iozzo
Floral Motif
N. Kéi
Women & Animals
S. Klinger
Grenzfälle
J. Lang
Bees
N. Levin
'Randfiguren'
A. Lezzi-Hafter
Eros
E. Manakidou
Birds
A. Mackay
Thyrsos
V. Meirano
Pferde
H. Mommsen
Sea Voyages
J. Neils
Schlange & Eule
N. Panteleon
Dogs
A. Petrakova
Efeu & Rebe
L. Puritani
Rochen
M. Recke
Tierfries
B. Reichardt
Snakes
D. Rodríguez Pérez
Natur & Kultur
A. Schnapp
Akanthus
N. Sojc
Reittiere
M. Stark
Kyathoi
D. Tonglet
Heuschrecken
C. Weiß
'Kontraste'
L. Winkler-Horaček
Etruskisch
M. Wullschleger

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AUSGABE 67/VI/2013

InterArch
M. Mele
Repolusthöhle
D. Modl
Carnuntum/Christentum
G. Kremer, A. Pülz
Brot & Wein
M.W. Pacher

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AUSGABE 66/III/2013

3D Models
B. Breuckmann, St. Karl, E. Trinkl
Römische Steine
I. Egartner
Side 2012
U. Lohner-Urban
Prospektion
T. Neuhauser, O. Pink, S. Zenz

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AUSGABE 65/XII/2012

Defensive Armour
M. Mödlinger
Kolophon 2012
V. Gassner, U. Muss, E. Draganits
Hausham 2012
V. Gassner, R. Ployer
Fundort Wien
Stadtarchäologie Wien
Textilarchäologie
E. Trinkl

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AUSGABE 64/IX/2012

Velia 2012
V. Gassner, D. Svoboda
Soccer ball
J.W.A.M. Janssen
Römische Villen
S. Lamm
Römisches Leben
E. Rathmayr
Rhamnous
K. Spathmann

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AUSGABE 63/VI/2012

14. Archäologentag

Programm
P. Scherrer
Rekonstruktionen
T. Alusik, A.B. Sosnova
Atrium
M. Auer
Radmuster
C.M. Behling
Min. Götter
F. Blakolmer
Spätantike
M. Bru Calderon
Laßnitztal
G. Fuchs
Restaurierung
R. Fürhacker, A.-K. Klatz
Medizininstrumente
K. Gostenčnik
Stillfried
M. Griebl, I. Hellerschmied
Farbbestimmung
Th. Hagn
Archäobiologie
A.G. Heiss, R. Drescher-Schneider
Fibeln
D. Knauseder
Zwischengoldglas
J. Köck
Tavium
G. Koiner, Ch. Zinko
Brigantium
J. Kopf
Steine/Carnuntum
G. Kremer
Noricum/Pannonien
S. Lamm
Alexandria
A. Landskron
Ziegelöfen
F. Lang, R. Kastler, Th. Wilfing, W. Wohlmayr
Tempelzugänge
C. Lang-Auinger
Hypokaustum
H. Lehar
Pheneos 2011
M. Lehner, K. Tausend
Side 2011
U. Lohner-Urban, E. Trinkl
Epetion
T. Neuhauser, M. Ugarković
Miróbriga
K. Oberhofer
Arch. Sizilien
B. Öhlinger
Parthenon
T. Osada
Latrine/Carnuntum
B. Petznek
Chrono-Media
M. Christidis, O. Pink
Hausruckviertel
R. Ployer
Freidorf
G. Praher
Damianosgrab
U. Quatember, V. Scheibelreiter-Gail
Wohneinheit 7
E. Rathmayr
Limyra
M. Seyer
Eucarpus
St. Sitz, M. Auer
Noreia
K. Strobel
Wohlsdorf
A. Szilasi
Immurium
B. Tober
Logogramme
J. Weilhartner
Weitendorf
J. Wilding
A. Schober
G. Wlach

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AUSGABE 62/III/2012

Keramikwerkstatt
H. Schörner
Amphorae/Ephesos
T. Bezeczky
Velia 2011
V. Gassner
Zafar/Jemen
L. Pecchioli, P. Yule, F. Mohamed

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AUSGABE 61/XII/2011

Drachen
B. Grammer
Grotte Chauvet
U. Simon
Fundort Wien 2011
Stadtarchäologie Wien

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AUSGABE 60/IX/2011

In Memoriam F. Brein
B. Kratzmüller et al.
Domplatz/St. Pölten
R. Risy
Hetäre?
M. Xagorari-Gleißner

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AUSGABE 59/VI/2011

Hadrianstempel
U. Quatember
Publikation Keryx
P. Scherrer
Journalismus
E. Holzer, O. Pink
Denkmalschutzmedaille
E. Pieler

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AUSGABE 58/III/2011

NÖ Landesausstellung

Zur Philosophie
E. Bruckmüller
Gesamtmodell
Ch. Gugl et al.
Therme
F. Humer
Götter-/Menschenbilder
F. Humer
Vermittlung
M.W. Pacher
Erobern/Entdecken
E. Bruckmüller
Objektdatenbank
M. Pregesbauer et al.

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AUSGABE 57/XII/2010

Löwentor, Mykene
F. Blakolmer
Sepulkralstrafen
K. Harter-Uibopuu, V. Scheibelreiter
Kleininschriften
R. Wedenig
Fundort Wien 2010
Stadtarchäologie Wien

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AUSGABE 56/IX/2010

Amphitheater, Carnuntum
D. Boulasikis
Siedlungen, Attika
M.B. Cosmopoulos
Krieg, Israel
R. Feldbacher
Antikenhandel
M. Müller-Karpe
Chichen Itza
A. Guida Navarro
Statue, Delphi
A. Nordmeyer

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AUSGABE 55/VI/2010

Archaeology in Confllict
Program

Preface
F. Schipper
Setting the Agenda
F. Schipper,
M.T. Bernhardsson

"MY heritage"
L.E. Babits
Leipheim excavation
M. Bletzer
Illicit Traffic
K. Bogoeski
"Embedded" Archaeology
A. Cuneo
Provenance
S. Di Paolo
Interpol
A. Gach
Project ORCHID
P.R. Green
NGOs' Initiatives
S. Guner
NGO & Illicit Trade
S. Guner
Atatürk & Heritage
S. Guner, M. Yildizturan
Cypriot Antiquities
S. Hardy
Past - Future
V. Higgins
Legal Aspects
UNESCO
Military's Role
A. Kapornaki
Occupied Palestine
A. Keinan
Renovation/Afghanistan
H. Leijen
Student Perspective
D. McGill
Archaeology/Africa
C. Näser, C. Kleinitz
Scientific Organizations
B. Nelson
Cultural Intelligence
E. Nemeth
Missions to Babylon
A. Peruzzetto, J. Allen, G. Haney, G. Palumbo
Masada Myth
M. Pfaffl
Embedded Anthropologists
J. Price
Plane/Nynice
M. Rak, J. Vladar
Ziggurat at Aqar Quf
B.A. Roberts
Palestine/Brazil
G. Barbosa Rodrigues
Turkish Museums
O. Sade-Mete
Next Generation Project
A. Sands, K. Butler
Heritage in Peru
D.D. Saucedo Segami
Liasion Officer
H. Speckner
Looting and Plundering
H. Szemethy
United Arab Emirates
J.J. Szuchman
First Aid/ICCROM
A. Tandon, S. Lambert
Politicization
B. Thomassen
Turkish Law
S. Topal-Gökceli
Expeditions/Ukraine
T. Umrikhina
Hillforts
R. Welshman
Post-conflict
C. Westrik, S. Neuerburg

---

AUSGABE 54/III/2010

13. Archäologentag

Archäologentag
F. Felten, C. Reinholdt, W. Wohlmayr
Befestigungen
T. Alusik
Villa urbana, Carnuntum
M. Behling
DressID-Projekt
I. Benda
Frühägäische Götter
F. Blakolmer
Kapitell in Graz
M. Christidis-Poulkou
Oriental./Minoische Götter
V. Dubcová
Textilproduktion
K. Gostenčnik
Spätantike Textilien
K. Grömer
Chronologie SH IIa
F. Höflmayer
Wasserversorgung/Syrakus
E. Kanitz
villa rustica/Brederis
J. Kopf
villa rustica/Neumarkt-Pfon
F. Lang et al.
Aula in Bruckneudorf
G. Kieweg-Vetters
Montanarchäologie/Stmk.
S. Klemm
Fibeln in Iuvavum
D. Knauseder
Zivilstadt/Carnuntum
A. Konecny
Kaiser als Pharao
G. Kremer
Partherdenkmal/Ephesos
A. Landskron
Porträts im KHM
M. Laubenberger
Hypokaustheizung
H. Lehar
Caracalla
H. Maier
Backöfen/Vindobona
M. Mosser
Prospektion in Oberlienz
F.M. Müller
Schönberg/Stmk.
K. Oberhofer
Alexandermosaik
T. Osada
Kulturvermittlung/Carnuntum
M. Pacher
Villa rustica/Oberndorf
A. Picker
Blatt und Blüte
K. Pruckner
Hadrianstempel/Ephesos
U. Quatember
Nachttöpfe
S. Radbauer, B. Petznek
Apollo - Augustus
M. Stütz
Reiter/Parthenonfries
E. Tanaka
Rotfig. Bauchlekythen
E. Trinkl
Tierlogogramme/Linear B
J. Weilhartner
Domitilla-Katakombe
N. Zimmermann

---

AUSGABE 53/XII/2009

FACEM
V. Gassner, K. Schaller
Tyrannen v. Ephesos
J. Fischer
Tonfries/Ephesos
C. Lang-Auinger
Spätantikes Ephesos
A. Pülz
Fundort Wien 2009
Stadtarchäologie

---

AUSGABE 52/IX/2009

Arch. Park Ephesos
M. Döring-Williams
Frauenberg
St. Karl
Sant Ypoelten
R. Risy
Mausoleum Bartringen
G. Kremer

---

AUSGABE 51/VI/2009

Magnesisches Tor
A. Sokolicek
Judenplatz, Wien
K. Adler-Wölfl
Am Hof, Wien
M. Brzakovic, A. Kupka, K. Lappé
Datenbank "lupa"
F. Harl, O. Harl

---

AUSGABE 50/III/2009

Ägäische Bronzezeit

Vorwort
F. Blakolmer, C. Reinholdt, J. Weilhartner, G. Nightingale
Beziehungen Kretas
E. Alram
Kanalisation
M. Aufschnaiter
Kreuzbandschalen/Ägina
L. Berger
Thronraum/Knossos
F. Blakolmer
Ägäische Einflüsse
D. Doncheva
Unfreiheit u. Religion
J. Fischer
Ikonographie - Raum
U. Günkel-Maschek
Ägypten
P.W. Haider
Mann mit Lanze
S. Hiller
Kosmos als Kylix
S. Hiller
Steingefäße
F. Höflmayer
Ostägäis
B. Horejs
Architektur
D. Leiner
Handwerk
G. Nightingale
Das Thronen
B. Otto
Keramik/Ägina
K. Pruckner
Körperzeichen
K. Schaller
Livari/Südostkreta
N. Schlager
Sardinien/Mykene
L. Soro
Schwertkampf
R. Steinhübl
Mobilar
E. Wacha
Myk. Figurinen
I. Weber-Hiden
A. Evans/Linear B
J. Weilhartner
Josef Höfler
M. Zavadil

---

AUSGABE 49/XII/2008

Sog. Lukasgrab
A. Pülz
Velia 2008
V. Gassner
Palmyra 2008
A. Schmidt-Colinet
Wien 2008
Stadtarchäologie Wien
Magdalensberg 2008
E. Schindler Kaudelka

---

AUSGABE 48/IX/2008

DASV
P. Lochmann
Bassus Nymphaeum
E. Rathmayr
Alinda
P. Ruggendorfer
Phaistos Disc
Ch. Henke

---

AUSGABE 47/VI/2008

Römermuseum
M. Kronberger
Blindenführung
M. Teichmann
Malaria
A. Hassl
Stellenbörse
R. Karl

---

AUSGABE 46/III/2008

12. Archäologentag

Vorwort
M. Meyer, V. Gassner
Expedition 1902
T. Alušík, J. Kostenec, A. Zäh
Geschneidertes Gewand
I. Benda-Weber
Nemeseum/Carnuntum
D. Boulasikis
Phallos-Steine
E. Christof
Wandmalerei/Carnuntum
C.-M. Girisch
Beinfunde
K. Gostenčnik, F. Lang
Archäologie/Steiermark
B. Hebert, E. Pochmarski, U. Steinklauber
Pottenbrunn
E. Hölbling
Bewässerung
E. Kanitz
Werkstätten/Iuvavum
D. Knauseder
CSIR
G. Kremer
Heroon von Trysa
A. Landskron
CVA
C. Lang-Auinger
Villa/Debant
F.M. Müller
Amazonen
T. Osada
Glas/Palmyra
R. Ployer
Hydreion/Ephesos
U. Quatember
Informationssysteme
K. Schaller, Ch. Uhlir
Österreich-Kreta
N. Schlager
Kultplatz 1/Velia
D. Svoboda
Neue Medien
E. Trinkl
Pausanias-Ägina
J. Weilhartner
Spiegel, KHM
K. Zhuber-Okrog
Domitilla-Katakombe
N. Zimmermann

---

AUSGABE 45/XII/2007

Initiative Österr.
ArchäologInnen
B. Kainrath
Inclusion Fluids
W. Prochaska, S.M. Grillo, P. Ruggendorfer
Fugenmörtel
D. Boulasikis
Velia 2007
V. Gassner
Römische Villen
B. Schrettle
Michaelerplatz
Stadtarchäologie Wien

---

AUSGABE 44/IX/2007

Hanghaus 2 von Ephesos

Hanghaus 2
H. Thür
Möbel
E. Rathmayr
Küchen
L. Rembart
Räume 14 + 19
G. Zluwa
Triklinium SR 24
A. Nordmeyer, A. Sommer
Raum 26
J. Reuckl
Marmorsaal I
S. Stökl
Marmorsaal II
S. Swientek
Raum 31b
M. Tschannerl
basilica privata
M. Gessl
Kurzzitate

---

AUSGABE 43/VI/2007

Sonnenuhr
C. Lang-Auinger
Faschistisches Rom
U. Quatember
C. Praschniker
G. Wlach
Nymphen
E. Trinkl

---

AUSGABE 42/III/2007

Stadien-Siege-Skandale

Zum Geleit
H. Szemethy
Athleten
M. Röder
Recht & Ordnung
S. Seitschek
Skandale
S. Seitschek
Kampfsportarten
A. Nordmeyer
Pentathlon
L. Bäumel
Hippische Agone
M. Weisenhorn
Preise
M. Röder
Fans
K. Preindl
Berlin 1936
F. Mayr
Bibliographie

---

AUSGABE 41/XII/2006

Satyr, Greifswald
R. Attula
Carnuntum
U. Lohner
Velia 2006
V. Gassner
F. Schachermeyr
M. Pesditschek
Fundort Wien
Stadtarchäologie Wien

---

AUSGABE 40/IX/2006

Ägina, Keramik
G. Klebinder-Gauß
Kyrene, Agora
A. Giudice
Kyrene, Gymnasium
A. Giudice
Ernst Sellin
F. Schipper

---

AUSGABE 39/VI/2006

11. Archäologentag

Archäologentag
E. Walde
Prähist. Defensivarchitektur
T. Alušík
Stadtmauer/Aguntum
M. Auer
Keramik/Ägina
L. Berger
Mittelhell. Bildkunst
F. Blakolmer
Ferrum Noricum
B. Cech, H. Preßlinger, G. Walach
Wandmalerei/Virunum
I. Dörfler
Lukaner in Velia?
V. Gassner
Übergangsriten, Herakleia
V. Gertl
Basis v. Sorrent
M. Grossmann
Greif
P.W. Haider
Steirische Archive
B. Hebert
Anton Roschmann
M. Huber
Schützengasse, Wien
S. Jaeger-Wersonig
Steindenkmäler, Carnuntum
G. Kremer
archaeologieforum.at
K.R. Krierer
Model, Ephesos
C. Lang-Auinger
Türme auf Kreta
E. Mlinar
Zivilstadt, Vindobona
M. Mosser
Daunische Siedlungsbefunde
F.M. Müller
Ostgiebel, Olympia
T. Osada
Werkstatt & Muster
G. Plattner
Akropolis, Ägina
E. Pollhammer
Straßenbrunnen, Ephesos
U. Quatember
Gräbertypologie, Daunien
J. Rückl
Kieselpflasterung, Daunien
E. Schemel
Nymphen - Mänaden
G. Schmidhuber
Tempel, Kalapodi
V. Sossau
Röm. Brixner Becken
A. Waldner
Aigina und Athen
J. Weilhartner
Ringhallentempel
M. Weissl

Österreichischer Archäologenverband

---

AUSGABE 38/III/2006

Antikensammlung, KHM
K. Gschwantler
Bergbau, Montafon
R. Krause
Gewandstatue
A. Landskron
Weinbau
F. Brein

---

AUSGABE 37/XII/2005

NASCA Ceramics
H. Mara, N. Hecht
Palmyra 2005
A. Schmidt-Colinet
Velia 2005
V. Gassner
Fundort Wien
Wr. Stadtarchäologie

---

AUSGABE 36/IX/2005

Kulturgüter im Irak
F. Deblauwe
Goldappliken, Artemision
A.M. Pülz
Goldappliken, Technologie
B. Bühler
Nymphäum von Apamea/Syrien
A. Schmidt-Colinet, U. Hess
Ägypten/Griechenland/Rom
B. Gessler-Löhr

---

AUSGABE 35/VI/2005

Neue Zeiten-Neue Sitten

Kolloquium Wien 2005
M. Meyer
Asinii Nicomachi
F. Chausson
Lampen
A. Giuliani
Italiker
F. Kirbihler
Artefactual/Artificial
J. Poblome, Ph. Bes, V. Lauwers
Ti. Claudius Aristion
U. Quatember
Keramik 1.Jh. v.Chr.
Ch. Rogl
Schwarzweißmosaike
V. Scheibelreiter
Bad-Gymnasium-Komplexe
M. Steskal
Imperial cult/Pisidia
P. Talloen
Münzen/Pergamon
B. Weisser
Wandmalerei/Ephesos
N. Zimmermann

---

AUSGABE 34/III/2005

3D-Vision in Archaeology
H. Mara, R. Sablatnig
Velia 2004
V. Gassner
Aelium Cetium
R. Risy, P. Scherrer, E. Trinkl
Archäologie in Serbien
U. Brandl

---

AUSGABE 33/XII/2004

Wandmalerei, Magdalensberg
K. Gostenčnik
Herakles i. Aguntum
St. Karwiese
Vindobona-CD
M. Klein, M. Kronberger, M. Mosser
Geschichte
Wr. Stadtarchäologie

---

AUSGABE 32/IX/2004

Peter Cornelius
L. Krempel
Durchblick-Panorama
Ch. Tschaikner
Ares Borghese, KHM
T. Friedl
Akropolis/Lindos
K. Rieger

---

AUSGABE 31/VI/2004

Mark Aurel/Carnuntum
F. Humer
Partherdenkmal, KHM
W. Oberleitner
GIS / Marienkirche
Ch. Kurtze
Archäologie/Bodensee
A. Troll, J. Hald
Besiedlungsstruktur
N. Alber

---

AUSGABE 30/III/2004

Spurensicherung
C. Holtorf
Gewebte Erinnerungen
G. Rapp, H. Rapp
Velia 2003
V. Gassner, A. Sokolicek
Keramikchronologie/ Velia
M. Trapichler
Kulturgeologie
W. Vetters
Klimakatastrophe
W. Vetters, H. Zabehlicky

---

AUSGABE 29/XII/2003

10. Österr. ArchäologentagZum Geleit
G. SchwarzErscheinungsfenster
T. AlušíkArchitektur/Tavium
E. ChristofMilitärlager/Virunum
M. Doneus, Ch. Gugl, R. JernejAsyl von Ephesos
R. FleischerNekropole/Virunum
G. FuchsMagdalensberg
F. GlaserNeuaufstellung KHM
K. GschwantlerHermenmal
R. HanslmayrStein-Relief-Inschrift
Ch. Hemmers, St. TraxlerMarmorgemagerte Keramik
S. Jäger-WersonigAgäer in Italien
R. JungAntikensammlung R. Knabl
St. KarlMarmorsteinbrüche/
Ephesos
K. KollerPartherdenkmal
A. LandskronHibernia
S. LausBrustschmuck d. Kybele
F.M. MüllerSiphnierschatzhaus
T. OsadaPompeii, Regio VII
L. Pedroni, D. Feil, B. TasserOst und West
G. PlattnerGrabbezirk v. Faschendorf
J. Polleres, W. ArtnerBärinnen in Brauron
M. PoulkouRomanisierung im Comics
U. Quatember, K.R. KriererLykische Schrift
M. SeyerTextilverarbeitung
E. TrinklAltäre/Artemision
M. Weißl

---

AUSGABE 28/IX/2003

Pottery/Maussolleion
L.E. Vaag, V. Nørskov, J. Lund
Goldappliken/Artemision
A.M. Pülz
Peion/Ephesos
S. Karwiese
Geländerekonstruktion/
Wien
R. Gietl, M. Kronberger, M. Mosser
Schutzanstrich/
Amphoren
C. Sehnal

---

AUSGABE 27/VI/2003

Bronzewerkstätte/
Artemision
G. Klebinder-Gauß
Ubi-erat-lupa
F. Harl, K. Schaller
Diateichisma
A. Sokolicek
Archäologie in Oberösterreich
S. Lehner
Science Week 2003
M. Holzner, A. Vacek

---

AUSGABE 26/III/2003

Jupiter-Dolichenus Tafel, KHM
P. Pingitzer
Marmorrelief mit Säge
M. Büyükkolanci, E. Trinkl
Tonlampen/Ephesos
A. Giuliani
'Toilet Room', Knossos
M. Aufschnaiter
Karthago - Spiegelgrund
Wr. Stadtarchäologie

---

AUSGABE 25/XII/2002

Colonia Ulpia Traiana
U. Brandl, F. Diessenbacher
Velia 2002
V. Gassner, A. Sokolicek, M. Trapichler
Torbau/Limyra
P. Ruggendorfer
Kirche/Limyra
A. Pülz
Amazonenrelief/Wien
M. Weißl
Boische Grabbauten
M. Mosser

---

AUSGABE 24/IX/2002

Erlebnis Altertum,
Science Week 2002
M. Holzner, M. Ladurner
Legionslager Vindobona,
Science Week 2002
M. Mosser
Griechen & Fremde,
Science Week 2002
S. Fürlinger
TS aus Cales
L. Pedroni, B. Tasser
Koren
J. Eitler
Koptische Ärmelborte
Ch. Pflegerl

---

AUSGABE 23/VI/2002

Inscriptions of Aphrodisias
G. Bodard, Ch. Roueché
Griechisches Knossos
E. Mlinar
Carnuntumausstellung, Brixen
E. Wierer
Spiegel-Corpus Schweiz
I. Jucker, Rez. F. Brein

---

AUSGABE 22/III/2002

Glasbecher, IKA
S. Jäger-Wersonig
Glas-Konservierung
K. Herold
Partherdenkmal
A. Landskron
Spittelwiese, Linz
R. Ployer

---

AUSGABE 21/XII/2001

Marmorkleinplastik in Aquileia
E. Christof
Frühchristliche Ampullen
S. Ladstätter, A. Pülz
Velia 2001
V. Gassner
Fundort Wien 4/2001
Wr. Stadtarchäologie

---

AUSGABE 20/IX/2001

Keramik-Restaurierung
K. Herold
Augenschale
B. Kratzmüller
Lekythos
B. Kratzmüller
Loutrophoros
B. Kratzmüller
Schwarzfirnis-Dekor
E. Trinkl
Palmyra 2001
A. Schmidt-Colinet
Kopie & Fälschung
Ch. Gastgeber

---

AUSGABE 19/VI/2001

Grabbezirk von Faschendorf
J. Polleres
Von Virunum nach Iuvavum
Ch. Gugl
Hemmaberg / Kärnten
S. Ladstätter
Murale - Project
M. Kampel, R. Sablatnik
Ägypten in bunten Bildern
U. Quatember

---

AUSGABE 18/III/2001

Nemesis in Virunum
Ch. Gugl
Tafel- & Qualitätswein
H. Liko
Mantik in Mantineia
A. Hupfloher
Artemision / Ephesos
M. Weißl
Hellenist. Keramik / Ephesos
Ch. Rogl
Frühbyzantinische Münzen
M.A. Metlich
Brustkreuze
W. Hahn

---

AUSGABE 17/XII/2000

Amphitheater/Virunum
R. Jernej
Geschichte des IKA
V. Gassner
Homer & Entenhausen
U. Quatember
Archäologie & Computer
W. Börner
Fundort Wien
Wr. Stadtarchäologie

---

AUSGABE 16/IX/2000

Zeugma
M. Büyükkolanci
Dach für Ephesos
F. Krinzinger
Theater v. Perge
A. Öztürk
Priester in Sparta
A. Hupfloher

---

AUSGABE 15/VI/2000

Nochmals Vota
St. Karwiese
Mesopotamiens Bootsgott
B. Stöcklhuber
Arge Arch
F. Schipper
Digitale Bilddokumentation
K. Koller
Torrenova, Sizilien
E. Kislinger
Unterwasserarchäologie
Ch. Stradal, C. Dworsky
Sudan
M. Zach

---

AUSGABE 14/III/2000

Altmodische Archäologie
Festschrift f. F. Brein

Tabula Gratulatoria
Schriftenverzeichnis
F. Brein 1964-1999
Zusammenst. M. Bodzenta
Gewicht aus Ephesos
M. Aurenhammer
Schlüssel, Schloß & Knoten
H. Bannert
Min. "Zahnornament"
F. Blakolmer
Vounous-Modell
L. Dollhofer, K. Schaller
Anheben d. Gewandsaumes
U. Eisenmenger
Keramik aus Eretria
R. Fenzl
Stele aus Grottaferrata
T. Friedl
"Da Hiib"
A. Gasser
Oinotrer in Elea?
V. Gassner
Flora & Fauna in Pleuron
W. Gerdenitsch, K. Mazzucco
Neues aus Rom
W. Greiner
Hermerot aus Ephesos
R. Hanslmayer
Zwei Wiener Ostraka
H. Harrauer
Feder & Tinte
S. Jilek
List - Hitler - Carnuntum
M. Kandler
Neokorie f. Macrinus
St. Karwiese
Buntgesteine in Ephesos
K. Koller
Auslosung im Sport
B. Kratzmüller
Kopfgefäß aus Ephesos
C. Lang-Auinger
Sphinx von Fischlham
M. Pippal
St. Martin / Raab
E. Pochmarski, M. Pochmarski-Nagele
Bronzelöwe aus Lousoi
Ch. Schauer
Eber - Heros
P. Scherrer
Kyklop. Bauten / Ostkreta
N. Schlager
Weinlese in Palmyra
A. Schmidt-Colinet
Römische Juristen
R. Seliger
Kranz - Krone - Korb
E. Specht
Datierung d. Propyläenkore
M. Steskal
FS O. Benndorf
H. Szemethy (Hrsg.)
Basileia in Ephesos?
H. Thür
Rocken & Spindel
E. Trinkl
Ägäische Gewandweihen
E. Trnka
Herakles / African Red Slip
P. Turnovsky
Deckenfresko in Enns
E. Walde
Corocotta
E. Weber
Ökonomie d. Archäologie
W. Weigel
Festung Elaos
M. Weißl
Graffiti / Bruckneudorf
H. Zabehlicky

---

AUSGABE 13/XII/99

Tell Arbid, Syria
G.J. Selz
Ephesische Laren
U. Quatember
Welser Gräberfeld
S. Jäger-Wersonig
Arthur Project
F. Niccolucci
Arch. Sammlung II
F. Brein (Hrsg.)

---

AUSGABE 12/IX/99

Warrior tomb, Egypt
I. Forstner-Müller
Akropolis, Athen
F. Ruppenstein, W. Gauß
Amymone auf Mosaiken
A. Kankeleit
Römische Mosaike
V. Scheibelreiter
Palmyra 1999
A. Schmidt-Colinet
Barbanera. Besprechung
S. Altekamp

---

AUSGABE 11/VI/99

Ausgabe 11/VI/99
8. Österr. ArchäologentagZum Geleit
F. Blakolmer, H.D. SzemethyStuckreliefs
F. BlakolmerStadtmauern von Velia
V. GassnerHeiligtum in Byblos
P.W. HaiderZeus in Ephesos
E. TrinklPartherdenkmal v. Ephesos
A. LandskronKleinasiat. Theaterfriese
H.S. AlanyaliKeramik aus Xanthos
B. Yener-MarksteinerPeloponnesische Reliefbecher
Ch. RoglLampen aus Aigeira
Th. HagnLagertor v. Vindobona
M. MosserAuxiliarkastell/Carnuntum
W. Müller, U. ZimmermannBadegebäude in Altheim
K.A. EbetshuberBad in Klosterneuburg
M. PhilippVilla von Höflein
R. KastlerNorische Grabbautypen
G. KremerFranz Miltner
K.R. KriererRechtsarchäologie
R. SelingerKulturgüterschutz
H. Szemethy

---

AUSGABE 10/III/99

Apasas - Ayasuluk
M. Büyükkolanci
Mythisches Ephesos
M. Steskal
Seleukeia Sidera
E. Lafli
Archäometrie in Velia/Italien
V. Gassner, R. Sauer
100 Jahre ÖAI
ÖAI (Hrsg.)

---

AUSGABE 9/XII/98

Zoomorphes Dekor
L. Dollhofer
Recycling misfired pottery
Poblome, Schlitz & Degryse
Die römische Palastvilla
H. Zabehlicky
Stadtarchäologie Wien
Wr. Stadtarchäologie
Ancient DNA
J. Kiesslich

---

AUSGABE 8/IX/98

Ägäische Bronzezeit

Vorwort
F. Blakolmer
Bulgarien & Nordgriechenl.
I. Schlor
Keramik aus Pheneos
G. Erath
Grazer Institutssammlung
M. Lehner
Halbrosetten / Federfächer
M. Weißl
Hoheitszeichen
B. Otto
Hogarth's Zakro Sealing No.130
N. Schlager
Die Larnax von Episkopi
F. Lang
Hundedarstellungen
B. Schlag
Ägyptische Quellen
P. W. Haider
Der Friedhof von Elateia
A. E. Bächle
Mykenische Perlen
G. Nightingale
Frauen- und Männertracht
E. Trnka
Die Akropolis von Athen
W. Gauß
ásty und pólis
J. Weilhartner
Farbe in der ägäischen Bildkunst
F. Blakolmer

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AUSGABE 7/VI/98

Prähist. Ephesos
M. Büyükkolanci
Ephes. Kaiserpriester
H. Thür
Hadrians Innenpolitik
G. Plattner
Red Slip Ware
J. Poblome
Sigillatadepot / St. Pölten
Ch. Riegler
Fundort unbekannt
H.D. Szemethy

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AUSGABE 6/III/98

Ephesos 1997
St. Karwiese
Plataiai - Survey
A. Konecny
"Satyrisches"
M.E. Großmann
Augentäuschungen
G. Vetters
Keramik und Laser
M. Kampel & Ch. Liska

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AUSGABE 5/XII/97

Ephesian Water System
D. Crouch & Ch. Ortloff
Digitaler Stadtplan
St. Klotz & Ch. Schirmer
Mautern - Favianis
St. Groh
Kirchberg / Kremsmünster
R. Risy
Emanuel Löwy
F. Brein (Hrsg.)

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AUSGABE 4/VIII/97

Metropole Ephesos

Resumée 1996
St. Karwiese et al.
Hist. Topographie
P. Scherrer
Artemision of Ephesus
A. Bammer
Der Hafen von Ephesos
H. Zabehlicky
Inschriften von Ephesos
D. Knibbe
Das Große Theater
I. Ataç
Latrinengerüch(t)e
U. Outschar - H. Thür
Nekropolen
E. Trinkl
Rouge et noir
S. Zabehlicky
Ephesos-Gesamtplan
Stand 1997
Bibliographie 1988-97
M. Bodzenta

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AUSGABE 3/V/97

Kentauromachie
H. S. Alanyali
Grabbauten Noricums
G. Kremer
Puer Ludens
W. Reiter
Bronzezeitl. Tätowierung
K. Schaller

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AUSGABE 2/II/97

Kyprische Vasen
F. Brein (Hrsg.)
Choenkännchen
E. Eberwein
Römische Landgüter
K. A. Heinzl
Geophys. Prospektion
W. Neubauer - P. Melichar
Frühbyz. Bauornamentik
A. Pülz

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AUSGABE 1/XI/96

Archäolog. Sammlung
F. Brein
Täfelung des Serapeions
K. Koller
Synoris und Apene
B. Kratzmüller
Zeustempel zu Olympia
H. Nödl
Spindel, Spinnwirtel & Rocken
E. Trinkl

As archaeologists continue to clear dirt and stone slabs from the entrance of a huge tomb in Greece, excitement is building over what excavators may find inside.

The monumental burial complex — which dates back to the fourth century B.C., during the era of Alexander the Great — is enclosed by a marble wall that runs 1,600 feet (490 meters) around the perimeter. It has been quietly revealed over the last two years, during excavations at the Kasta Hill site in ancient Amphipolis in the Macedonian region of Greece.

Excavators recently unearthed the grand arched entrance to the tomb, guarded by two broken but intricately carved sphinxes. Read more.

The aim of this project is to clean, list, index, catalogue and digitise a collection of 3,000 photographs produced in the Middle East by the Maison Bonfils, from 1867 to the 1910s.

The 3,000 items consist of albumen prints gathered in albums and portfolios, glass plates, stereos, cabinet cards and cartes de visite. They are part of the general Fouad Debbas Collection, which contains more than 40,000 photographs. The objective is to undertake a survey, and increase access to and visibility of this most valuable and endangered collection.

The Fouad Debbas Bonfils collection is the most extensive, varied and richest photographic collection produced in the Levant at the end of the Ottoman period. It is in fact one of the very few photographic collections produced in Beirut from the late Ottoman period which are still preserved.

Established in 1867 in Beirut, the Bonfils house set out the first photographic studio in Beirut and established photography as a business. As such Mr Bonfils, his wife Lydie, (apparently the first woman photographer of the whole area at that time) and children, all succeeded in capturing a region of immense physical beauty (the landscape photos of Beirut and Baalbeck), of varied ethnic composition (various portraits), and of rapid socio-economic change, at a crucial moment of the region’s history. The Bonfils Debbas collection is clearly an invaluable document registering the history of a region at a crucial crossroads in the wake of great historical upheaval which was about to sweep the region and bring about the Modern Middle East as we know it...

VIEW FILES FROM THIS PROJECT

• Project Overview
• Project Gallery
• Project Outcome
• Show on Map

The catalogue is available here.

As I’ve done before (see also here), here are a few sentences from the Armenian synaxarion together with Bayan’s French translation. I’ve made a few notices of the Armenian vocabulary, too, ad usum scholarum. The story here (for 24 Hrotic’/30 July) is the martyrdom of Goharine and her brothers (nothing in BHO; summary in English here), set, it seems, in the twelfth century. The PO text (21: 795-799) and FT is here.

795

հայրն իւրեանց Դաւիթ գերեալ ի Տաճկաց որ եւ դարձուցին զնա ի կրօնս իւրեանց, եւ զանդրանիկ որդի նորա։

• գերեալ ptcp գերեմ, -եցի to take prisoner, capture
• Տաճիկ, -ճկաց Arab; Turk
• դարձուցանեմ, -ուցի to turn, convert
• կրօն, -նից religion; custom; way of life; sect
• անդրանիկ, -կաց oldest, first-born

Leur père David fut emmené captif par les Musulmans qui le convertirent à leur religion ainsi que son fils aîné.

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796

Իսկ մայրն իւրեանց հաստատուն եկաց ի հաւատսն որ ի Քրիստոս, եւ բարեպաշտութեամբ սնոյց զորդիս իւր.

• հաստատուն firm, solid, constant
• եկաց 3s aor of կամ to stand (Meillet § 112)
• հաւատ, -ոյ, -ք, -տոց faith, belief, creed
• բարեպաշտութիւն piety, religion
• սնոյց 3s aor of սնուցանեմ, -ցի, սնո՛ to nourish, instruct (see the end of the post for more on this verb)

Mais leur mère demeura ferme dans sa foi au Christ, et éleva pieusement ses enfants;

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եւ վասն արիութեանն իւրեանց զինուորեցան բռնաւորին Տաճկաց Ալի Բասանայ, յազգէ Դանշմանացն որ տիրէր Սեբաստիոյ եւ կողմանցն Պոնտոսի,

• արիութիւն bravery, courage (արի brave, courageous)
• զինուորեցան 3pl aor mid/pas զինուորեմ, -եցի to enlist, maintain soldiers (so in the mid/pas, to be enlisted in the army)
• բռնաւոր violent; tyrant
• ազգ, -աց nation, people
• տիրէր 3s impf տիրեմ, -եցի to rule, seize, conquer
• կողմն, -մանաց quarter, country, region

ceux-ci à cause de leur courage s’enrôlèrent dans l’armée du tyran musulman Ali Bassan, de la race des Danishmends, qui régnait à Sébaste et sur les contrées du Pont;

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այր գազանաբարոյ եւ արիւնախանձ մոլեալ ընդդէմ քրիստոնէից։

• գազանաբարոյ fierce, savage (գազան beast)
• արիւնախանձ bloodthirsty, cruel (արիւն, արեանց blood)
• մոլեալ ptcp of մոլեմ, -եցի to drive made (so here, raging, furious)
• ընդդէմ against

homme d’un naturel bestial, assoiffé de sang, et fou furieux contre les chrétiens.

************

Նոքա որդիք են տաճկի եւ թողեալ զօրէնս մեր կան քրիստոնէութեամբ, գարշին ի կերակրոց մերոց, եւ ոչ կան յաղօթս ընդ մեզ։

• թողում, թողի to abandon, give up
• օրէնք, օրինաց faith, religion
• կան (2x) 3pl pres կամ, կացի to be, exist, live, remain, stand
• գարշիմ, -եցայ to detest, hate, abhor
• կերակուր, -կրոց food
• աղօթք, -թից prayer

Ce sont les enfants d’un musulman, qui ont abandonné notre religion, vivent en chrétiens, répugnent à nos mets et ne prient point avec nous.

************

797

Ռատիոս գնաց ի վանքն եւ եղել կրօնաւոր։

• գնաց 3s aor. ind. գնամ, գնացի to go
• վանք convent, monastery
• եղել 3s aor եղանիմ to become
• կրօնաւոր monk (< կրօն, -ք, -նից religion, faith; religious order, monastic life)

Ratios se retira dans un couvent et se fit religieux.

************

…հրամայեաց փորել զերկիր եւ թաղել զԳոհարինէ մինչեւ ի մէջսն, եւ նետաձիգ լինել ի նա ամենայն բազմութիւնն։

• հրամայեաց 3s aor հրամայեմ, -եցի to command
• փորել inf փորեմ, -եցի to dig
• թաղել inf թաղեմ, -եցի to bury
• մէջ, միջոյ, -ով (pl.) middle > waist
• նետաձիգ լինել to shoot an arrow (cf. նետ, -ից arrow, shaft, dart)
• բազմութիւն crowd, multitude

…il ordonna de creuser la terre et d’y enterrer Gohariné jusqu’à la taille, et commanda à toute la foule de lui lancer dex flèches.

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798

Եւ բարկացեալ անօրէնն հրամայեաց զԳոհարինէ հեղձամղձուկ առնել ի ջուրն հեղեղատին. եւ զՏունկիոս եւ զԾամիդէս ածել զառաջեաւ, եւ զՌատիոս պրկել փոկովք եւ հարկանել։

• բարկացեալ angry, in a rage (cf. բարկանամ, -ացայ to be angry)
• անօրէն unjust, wicked
• հեղձամղձուկ suffocated, choked (adj.)
• առնել inf առնեմ, արարի to make, cause (w/ prev. and foll. words: to drown)
• ջուր, ջրոյ water
• հեղեղատ, -աց torrent (cf. հեղեղ, -աց torrent, flood)
• ածել inf ածեմ, ածի to fetch, carry, bring
• զառաջեաւ before, in front (adv.)
• պրկել inf պրկեմ, -եցի to bind
• փոկ, -ոց/-աց leather thong, strap
• հարկանել inf հարկանեմ, հարի to beat, strike

L’infidèle, irrité, ordonna de noyer Gohariné dans les eaux du torrent et d’introduire en sa présence Tounkios, Dsamidès, puis d’enserrer fortement Ratios dans des lanières et de le frapper.

************

եթէ թողուս մեզ կեալ քրիստինէութեամբ, եւ քեզ ծառայեսցուք միամտութեամբ, ապա թէ ոչ այլ իրք մի՛ հարցաներ ընդ մեզ. քրիստոնէայք եմք, զոր ինչ առնելոց ես արա՛։

• թողուս 2s pres թողում, թողի to let, leave, allow
• կեալ inf կեամ to live
• ծառայեսցուք 1p aor ծառայեմ, -եցի to serve, wait upon
• միամտութիւն sincerity, fidelity, simplicity
• իր, -ի, -աց thing, affair
• հարցաներ 2s imv հարցանեմ, -ցի to ask
• եմք 1p pres եմ to be
• առնելոց ptcp gen.pl. [NB -եալ > -ելV] առնեմ, արարի to do
• ես 2s pres եմ to be
• արա՛ 2s imv առնեմ, արարի to do

…si tu nous laisses vivre en chrétiens, nous te servirons fidèlement; dans le cas contraire, ne nous fais plus de questions: nous sommes chrétiens; fais ce que tu as à faire.

************

799

Եւ տարեալ ի տեղի կատարմանն հատին զգլուխ երանելոյն Ռատիոսի։ Եւ հատեալ գլուխն խօսէր եւ քաջալերէր զեղբարսն մի՛ երկնչել ի մահուանէ։

• տարեալ ptcp տանիմ, տարայ to lead [NB -ն- in pres, -ր- in aor]
• տեղի, -ղւոյ, -ղեաց place, spot, site
• կատարումն end, death, completion (here gen.sg.; see Meillet § 56 for nouns in -մն)
• հատին 3p aor հատանեմ, հատի to cut
• գլուխ, գլխոց head
• երանեալ blessed, happy [again NB -եալ > -ելV] (cf. in Ps 1:1, Երանեալ է այր որ ո՛չ գնաց ՛ի խորհուրդս ամպարշտաց, but the Beatitudes have a different, but related adjective: Երանի́ աղքատաց հոգւով, etc.)
• հատեալ ptcp հատանեմ, հատի to cut
• խօսէր 3s impf խօսիմ, -եցայ to speak
• քաջալերէր 3s impf քաշալերեմ, -եցի to encourage, embolden
• եղբայր, եղբաւր, եղբարց  brother (Meillet § 57b)
• երկնչել inf  երկնչիմ, -կեայ, -կի՛ր to fear
• մահ, մահու/մահուան death (Meillet § 59f)

Les ayant menés au lieu de l’exécution, ils tranchèrent la tête au bienheureux Ratios. Mais la tête tranchée parla à ses frères et les encouragea à ne point craindre la mort.

************

On the form սնոյց. The 3s aor ends in -ոյց, the 1s being -ուցի. For the alternation ոյ/ու (see Meillet, p. 18; Godel §2.222), cf. լոյս light, with gen/dat/abl լուսոյ; that is, -ոյ- in closed syllable, -ու- in open syllable.

Here are a few more occurrences of the form (also with the imper in Ex 2:9), with the Greek for the biblical texts:

Ex 2:9 եւ ասէ ցնա դուստրն փարաւոնի. ա́ռ զմանուկդ, եւ սնո́ ինձ զդա. եւ ես տաց քեզ զվարձս քո։ Եւ ա́ռ կինն զմանուկն՝ եւ սնոյց զնա։ εἶπεν δὲ πρὸς αὐτὴν ἡ ϑυγάτηρ Φαραω Διατήρησόν μοι τὸ παιδίον τοῦτο καὶ ϑήλασόν μοι αὐτό, ἐγὼ δὲ δώσω σοι τὸν μισϑόν. ἔλαβεν δὲ ἡ γυνὴ τὸ παιδίον καὶ ἐϑήλαζεν αὐτό.

Dt 1:31 զի սնո́յց զքեզ տ(է)ր ա(ստուա)ծ քո, ո(ր)պ(էս) սնուցանիցէ ոք զորդի իւր ὡς ἐτροϕοϕόρησέν σε κύριος ὁ ϑεός σου, ὡς εἴ τις τροϕοϕορήσει ἄνϑρωπος τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ

1Sam 1:23 Եւ նստա́ւ կինն եւ սնո́յց զորդին իւր՝ մինչեւ հատոյց զնա ՛ի ստենէ։ καὶ ἐκάϑισεν ἡ γυνὴ καὶ ἐϑήλασεν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτῆς, ἕως ἂν ἀπογαλακτίσῃ αὐτόν.

Ps 22:2 եւ առ ջուրս հանգստեան սնոյց զիս։ ἐπὶ ὕδατος ἀναπαύσεως ἐξέϑρεψέν με

Acts 7:21 եւ յընկեցիկն առնել զնա՝ եբարձ զնա դուստրն փառաւոնի, եւ սնոյց զնա ի́ւր յորդեգիրս։ ἐκτεϑέντος δὲ αὐτοῦ ἀνείλατο αὐτὸν ἡ ϑυγάτηρ Φαραὼ καὶ ἀνεϑρέψατο αὐτὸν ἑαυτῇ εἰς υἱόν.

Agat. § 37 եւ մերձաւորեալ զնա սնոյց դայեկօք երկիւղիւն Քրիստոսի. Thomson, p. 53: “And he was brought up by his tutors [lit. he (i.e. an unnamed person), having adopted him, raised him with tutors (n. on p. 458)] in the fear of Christ.”

In my precaffeinated minutes this a.m. I was jarred awake by a typically hyperbolating Daily Mail headline proclaiming: Game over for Greece’s mystery grave: Tomb raiders plundered site in antiquity – dashing hopes of finding artefacts dating back to Alexander the Great’s reign. Inter alia, a number of times the mantra was repeated, but here’s one excerpt:

[...] Experts had partially investigated the antechamber of the tomb at the Kasta Tumulus site near ancient Amphipolis in Macedonia, Greece, and uncovered a marble wall concealing one or more inner chambers.

They said that a hole in the decorated wall and signs of forced entry indicate it was plundered, but excavations will continue for weeks to make sure. [...]

• via: Game over for Greece’s mystery grave: Tomb raiders plundered site in antiquity – dashing hopes of finding artefacts dating back to Alexander the Great’s reign (Daily Mail)

Now before I deal with the (actually reasonably good evidence) for the claim, I want to sort of ‘run through’ the course of the excavation (with photos from the Ministry of Culture, in the order they’ve appeared at their site), which led me to ask some questions about this tomb that I hope someone can answer. First, here’s an early image that made the rounds of various press agencies, which shows the first revelation of the “sphinxes”. I want folks to notice that the outer wall is ‘continuous’. We can also clearly see the archway with the “sphinxes” and a wall that was built in front of them.

The blocks in front were removed …

Ministry of Culture photo

… and we were presented with a photo of the “sphinxes” … notice there is much dirt behind them. Some of us were idly speculating that there was  a hole of some sort behind the “sphinx” on the right, but in hindsight it struck me that there really wasn’t enough room for someone to get behind the “sphinx” to dig like that.

Ministry of Culture photo

Next, they began clearing the ‘entrance’ to the tomb and we heard, inter alia, of a mosaic pavement, but alas, we never did see a photo of same. This would suggest that they had cleared right to the ‘floor’ of the entrance, but I’m not sure that is the case. The photos from the entrance clearing did reveal some nice (painted) details, however. Ecce the initial views (we posted these already):

Ministry of Culture

Ministry of Culture

And now:

Ministry of Culture

Ministry of Culture

Then they were inside the vestibule:

Ministry of Culture

Ministry of Culture

This photo gives an idea of the soil filling the vestible (i.e. in the space behind the “sphinxes”. There clearly was a lot to be removed:

Ministry of Culture

There’s a photo of the dirt having been cleared from behind the “sphinxes”:

Ministry of culture

Looking through that you can possible see a trace of the photo that’s causing “disappointment”:

Ministry of Culture

If you look in the upper left, you’ll see the small (40cm x 60cm, according to various reports) hole which possibly provided access to the inside. You can also see the level of the dirt inside and — I’m assuming, from the white shading there –the level the dirt was at. The hole (if it is a hole going all the way through) is large enough for a small person to get through. But how did they get in to dig that hole? The vestibule has a barrel-vaulted stone roof, it appears, so something horizontal from the front? It really doesn’t make sense to me. If it was plundered in antiquity, I doubt they went ‘through the front door’.

Then again, and this is why I have questions, why is this vestibule filled to the top with dirt?  Is this a typical Macedonian practice (I honestly don’t know).  Or was this done later in antiquity, perhaps around the time of the ‘beheading of the sphinxes’? Even then, however, why was it all blocked off with those massive blocks? Done at the time of burial or later in antiquity? If at the time of burial, wouldn’t they have used better dressed stones? And when/why did they fill the space between the blocks and the “sphinxes” with dirt? Was all this meant to be ‘hidden’ or was it once open for passers by to see?

Folks wondering about the ‘latest’ can turn to this a.m.’s Greek version of Kathimerini, where it is revealed that the next few days will be spent protecting the paint and shoring up walls and the like:

• Αμφίπολη: Προτεραιότητα η συντήρηση των ευρημάτων (Kathimerini)

… and here are the Ministry Press Releases whence came the above photos (they have other titles, but the MoC’s website has things set up somewhat unconventionally and it’s an incredibly slow site to access):

• Δελτία Τύπου (Aug 24)
• Δελτία Τύπου (Aug 25)
• Δελτία Τύπου (Aug 21)

Some of our previous coverage:

• August 21 at Amphipolis ~ From the Ministry of Culture
• Quick Amphipolis Update: Significant Fragments (August 20)
• Brace Yourselves: News From Amphipolis is Coming …

Colosseum

Opiskellessani kulttuurihistoriaa Turun Yliopistossa valitsin erään tutkielmani aiheeksi Colosseumin, jonka aion nyt julkaista blogissani kaksiosaisena. Colosseum ja sen historia on kiehtonut minua aina. En unohda koskaan sitä hetkeä kun ensi kerran näin tämän jättiläismäisen, kuuluisan monumentin. Colosseumilla kävellessäni tunsin astuvani sisään muinaiseen antiikin maailmaan. Mieleeni nousi paljon kysymyksiä : miten Colosseum on rakennettu ja keitä sitä olivat rakentamassa? mistä kuljetettiin gladiaattorit ja mistä villieläimet? miten monituhatpäinen yleisö johdatettiin paikoilleen, ja mitä he ajattelivat näistä verisistä näytöksistä?. Miten areena puhdistettiin taistelujen jälkeen? missä keisarin aitio sijaitsi? jne. Colosseum on jotakin sellaista, mitä ei pysty ymmärtämään katselemalla dokumentteja televisiosta tai lukemalla kirjoja. Se pitää itse nähdä ja kokea ennen kuin pystyy täysin ymmärtämään sen mahtavuuden.Colosseum on raunioituneenakin erittäin vaikuttava rakennus.

Kun Colosseumin historiaa aletaan pohtimaan syvällisemmin, on lopputulos se, että Colosseumin maine on veren tahrima. Mutta se ei kuitenkaan riitä, että me tuomitsemme amfiteatterin. Me emme pysty myöskään ymmärtämään kansaa, joka halusi muuttaa ihmisuhrit koko kaupungin yhteiseksi huvitukseksi. Näissä tappajaisissa gladiaattorit olivat aseistettuja vain, jotta he voisivat tappaa toisiaan viihdyttääkseen roomalaisia. Kirjailija Plinius nuorempi on todennut vuoden 100 tienoilla, että gladiaattoritaistelut innoittivat miehiä altistamaan itsensä kunniakkaille haavoille ja halveksimaan kuolemaa, kun he näkivät gladiaattorin palavan voitonhalun.Ensimmäisellä vuosisadalla eKr. kansa oli päässyt näiden teurastusnäytäntöjen makuun siinä määrin, että virkoihin pyrkijät kalastelivat ääniä järjestämällä niitä kansalle. Colosseumin veriset näytökset vetivät massoittain yleisöä. Ne olivat “keisarin lahjoja kansalle”.Näytökset herättivät katsojissa tunteita, joiden moraalista laatua jälkipolvien on vaikeaa arvioida, koska aika ja kulttuuri johon kyseiset esitykset liittyvät poikkeavat niin paljon nykyisestä.

Gladiaattorit olivat usein sotavankeja ja rikollisia. Roomalaisten suhtautumistapa heihin oli kaksijakoinen. Toisaalta heitä halveksittiin, toisaalta ihailtiin. Käytännössä taistelijat olivat yhteiskunnan alinta kastia. Yleensä gladiaattorit olivat sotavankeja, rikollisia ja orjia, jotka gladiaattorikoulu oli ostanut, mutta heidän joukossaan oli myös vapaita kansalaisia, jotka olivat vapaaehtoisesti valinneet taistelijan ammatin. Tähän valintaan ovat saattaneet vaikuttaa esim. velkaantuminen tai yksinkertaisesti taistelunhalu.

Rooman valtakunnan historia on sotaisa. Keisari toisensa jälkeen laajensi määrätietoisesti imperiumiaan, mikä aiheutti levottomuuksia erityisesti rajaseudulla. Kun Colosseum otettiin käyttöön vuonna 80, Rooma oli jo vakiinnuttanut asemansa johtavana valtakuntana. Imperiumin ytimessä vallitsi rauha, jota tavallinen kansa oli ehkä alkanut pitää itsestään selvänä asiana. Gladiaattorit muistuttivat omalla tavallaan rahvasta siitä, että taistelutahtoa tarvittiin yhä, vaikka armeija koostuikin ammattisotilaista, jotka uhrasivat tarvittaessa henkensä yhteisen hyvän vuoksi.

Kartta Antiikin ajan Rooman keskustasta. Colosseum on kartan oikeassa yläkulmassa.

Colosseumin rakennusmuoto

Nykyisessäkin kunnossaan Colosseum pystyy antamaan kuvan siitä, millainen oli roomalaisen amfiteatterin tyypillinen rakennusmuoto täydellisemmillään toteutettuna.

Colosseum on rakennettu kovista ja kiinteistä travertiinijärkäleistä, jotka olivat peräisin Tiburin, nykyisen Tivolin, lähellä sijainneesta Albulean louhoksesta. Ne kuljetettiin Roomaan tätä tarkoitusta varten raivattua kuuden metrin levyistä tietä pitkin. Colosseum on 188 metrin pituinen ja 156 metrin levyinen soikio, jonka ympärysmitta on 527 metriä. Sen nelikerroksinen seinämuuri on 57 metriä korkea. Kolmen ensimmäisen kerroksen mallit on luultavasti saatu Marcelluksen teatterista. Ne koostuvat kolmesta päällekäisestä holvikaarisarjasta, joissa oli alunperin koristeina kuvapatsaita ja joiden ainoana erona ovat niissä käytetyt pylväsjärjestelmät. Alhaalta päin lukien doorilainen, joonialainen ja korinttilainen. Neljännessä kerroksessa on umpimuuri. Pilasterit jakavat sen kenttiin, joissa antiikin aikana vuorottelivat ikkuna-aukot ja pronssikilvet. Jokaisen ikkunan yläpuolella on kolme konsolia, joiden kunkin kohdalla on kattolistassa reikä. Konsolit kannattelivat tankoja, joiden varaan joukko laivaston merisotilaita kiinnitti hellepäivinä suuren purjekankaan suojaamaan areenalla taistelevia gladiaattoreita ja katsomossa istuvaa yleisöä. Katsomo alkoi neljä metriä ylempää kuin areena. Siinä oli ensimmäisenä pronssiaitauksen suojaama tasanne, jossa ylimystön edustajat istuivat marmoriistuimillaan. Tasanteen takana kohosivat muun yleisön istumaportaat, jotka jakaantuivat kolmeen vyöhykkeeseen. Ensimmäisen ja toisen vyöhykkeen erotti kolmannesta matalien seinien reunustamat käytävätasanteet. Kustakin vyöhykkeestä johti alas joukko käytäviä, jotka purkivat katsojajoukot sisään ja ulos. Ensimmäisessä vyöhykkeessä oli kaksikymmentä porrasta, toisessa kuusitoista. Toisen ja kolmannen vyöhykkeen välissä oli viiden metrin korkuinen ikkunallinen ja ovellinen muuri. Kolmannessa vyöhykkeessä istuivat naiset ja sen takana olevalla, ulkomuuriin ulottuvalla terassilla seisoivat vierasmaalaiset ja orjat, joilla ei ollut oikeutta osallistua pääsymerkkien jakoon.

Marcelluksen teatteri.

Rooman aluelutteloiden mukaan Colosseumissa oli 87 000 paikkaa. Siellä ei kuitenkaan voida arvioida olleen enempää kuin 45 000 istumapaikkaa ja 5000 seisomapaikkaa. Rakennuksen arkkitehtuurissa voidaan yhä nähdä ne nerokkaat ratkaisut, jotka helpottivat väkijoukon saapumista ja poistumista. Alakerroksessa oli sisääntuloaukkoina kahdeksankymmentä kaariporttia, joista neljä pääakselien kohdalla sijaitsevaa olivat yleisöltä kiellettyjä ja numeroimattomia. Muut olivat numeroituja I:stä LXXVI:een. Keisarin tai viranomaisten kutsumien katsojien tarvitsi saapuessaan vain hakeutua sille portille, jonka numero oli hänen pääsymerkissään ja mennä sitten siinä mainitulle vyöhykkeelle ja porrasaskelmalle. Katsomon ja ulkomuurin välissä oli kaksi samankeskistä muuria. Alakerroksessa ne muodostivat kaksinkertaisen pylväskäytävän ja ylempänä pylväikön. Näillä oli useampia tehtäviä. Ne kannattivat ja tukivat katsomoa sekä johtivat portaikkoihin, joista päästiin käytäviin ja lisäksi yleisö saattoi kuljeskella niissä ennen näytäntöä ja suojautua niihin väliajoilla jos oli kuuma auringonpaiste tai sade. Parhaita paikkoja olivat pitkien sivujen keskikohdalla tasanteen tasalla vastakkain sijaitsevat aitiot. Pohjoispuolella oli keisarin ja hänen perheensä aitio, eteläpuolella kaupunginprefektin ja viranomaisten aitio.

Areena oli 86 metrin mittainen ja 54 metrin levyinen, pinta-alaltaan 36 aarin suuruinen alue. Sitä ympäröi neljän metrin päässä tasanteesta metalliristikko, joka suojasi yleisöä areenalle päästettyjen villipetojen raivolta. Eläimet odottivat areenan alla olevaan kellarikerrokseen teljettyinä, kunnes gladiaattorit marssivat sisään rakennuksen pituusakselin päässä olevasta kaariportista. Kellarikerroksessa oli kanavajärjestelmä, jonka avulla areena voitiin hetkessä saada veden peittoon. Myöhemmin kellarikerrokseen muurattiin häkit, joissa eläimet odottivat areenalle pääsyä. Rakennettiin myös kokonainen liukupintojen ja nosturien järjestelmä, jonka avulla eläimet voitiin nopeasti ajaa tai nostaa areenalle.

Ei voi muuta kuin ihailla Flaviusten arkkitehtejä, jotka kykenivät pystyttämään jättiläismäisyydessään täydellisen rakennuksen. Sen yksityiskohdat ovat loistava näyte heidän teknisestä nerokkuudestaan. Colosseumin luja rakenne on uhmannut vuosisatoja. Se huokuu samaa ylevyyttä ja täydellisyyttä kuin Rooman Pietarin kirkko. Voidaksemme lumoutua Colosseumista meidän täytyy unohtaa se epäinhimillinen tarkoitus, johon tätä rakennusta käytettiin ja ne epäinhimillisen julmat näytännöt, joita varten keisarilliset arkkitehdit aikoinaan loivat tämän mestariteoksen. Aikana, jolloin ihmishenki ei ollut paljon arvoinen.

Areenan roomalaisaikaista kantta ei ole säilynyt, ja siitä johtuen roomalaisaikaisten rakenteiden alapuoliset eläinhäkit ja käytävät ovat nykyään nähtävissä.

Filed under: Ancient Rome Tagged: Amfiteatteri, Antiikin historia, Antiikin Rooma, Colosseum, Colosseumin rakennusmuoto, Flaviusten arkkitehdit, Gladiaattorikoulut, Gladiaattorit, Gladiaattoritaistelut, Plinius nuorempi, Roomalainen yhteiskunta, Rooman keisarit, villieläimet