The Fall 2012 issue of ISAW’s newsletter is now available. Issue 7 includes alumni news, an exploration of our Echoes of the Past exhibition, research updates from the ISAW community, and event listings for Fall 2012 and beyond. To download an electronic copy of the newsletter, click here.
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Newsletter 7 Now Available
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Massive Mesopotamia exhibition coming to Toronto
By Owen Jarus
A major international exhibit on ancient Mesopotamia will be coming to Toronto’s Royal Ontario Museum next year. The exhibit, called “The Wonders of Ancient Mesopotamia” will feature artifacts now in the British Museum and will run from June 22, 2013 – January 5, 2014.
Centred in modern day Iraq and spreading into Syria, Turkey and Iran, Mesopotamian civilization saw the rise of the world’s earliest cities and the development of a system of cuneiform writing more than 5,000 years ago.
“More than 3000 years of ancient Mesopotamian history and achievements can be illustrated chronologically through a wide range of spectacular artefacts from the collections of the Middle East Department of the British Museum. The innovations, beliefs, artistic craftsmanship, power and legacy of Mesopotamia can be explored through these objects many of which result from famous excavations of legendary ancient cities such as Ur, Nineveh and Babylon,” the British Museum said in a statement on their website.
Among the pieces that will be brought to Toronto is a statue of Ashurnasirpal II, an Assyrian king who expanded his resurgent empire northward to the Mediterranean coast more than 2,800 years ago. A number of treasures from his capital Nimrud (Kalhu) will be shown and can now be seen on the British Museum’s website.
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The tangled web of humanity
Indian populations are composed of two ancestral components: Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI), discovered by Reich et al. (2009). In that paper, it was also shown that ASI forms a clade with East Eurasians, while ANI does so with West Eurasians.
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Consider the following D-statistic:
As we shall see, this takes positive values, consistent with the idea of gene flow between Europeans and Indians at the exclusion of Sardinians. However, this gene flow may involve either the West Eurasian component in the ancestry of Indians (i.e., this component is more related to Europeans than to Sardinians), or to the ASI component (which is related to Europeans via the common "red arrow" portions of ancestry).
We can figure out what is going on by trying different Indian populations along the Indian Cline, and seeing whether the D-statistic is inflated/deflated in populations of greater ANI/ASI ancestry.
Here are the results:
Russian Orcadian French Lithuanians ANI
Mala 0.0153 0.0120 0.0088 0.0131 38.86
Madiga 0.0153 0.0122 0.0091 0.0111 40.66
Chenchu 0.0157 0.0108 0.0088 0.0115 40.76
Bhil 0.0149 0.0115 0.0086 0.0124 42.96
Satnami 0.0166 0.0125 0.0091 0.0126 43.06
Kurumba 0.0156 0.0117 0.0095 0.0121 43.26
Kamsali 0.0139 0.0105 0.0088 0.0098 44.56
Vysya 0.0130 0.0099 0.0083 0.0102 46.26
Lodi 0.0143 0.0124 0.0092 0.0125 49.96
Naidu 0.0138 0.0104 0.0092 0.0108 50.16
Tharu 0.0150 0.0112 0.0095 0.0118 51.06
Velama 0.0126 0.0107 0.0083 0.0095 54.76
Srivastava 0.0144 0.0124 0.0091 0.0116 56.46
Meghawal 0.0131 0.0107 0.0088 0.0117 60.36
Vaish 0.0143 0.0144 0.0099 0.0128 62.66
Kashmiri_Pandit 0.0119 0.0116 0.0090 0.0116 70.66
Sindhi 0.0106 0.0112 0.0095 0.0111 73.76
Pathan 0.0098 0.0114 0.0087 0.0106 76.96
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In other words, the evidence for gene flow between Russians and Indians is maximized when south Indian (ASI-rich) populations are used.
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Patterson et al. (2012) published a different pattern: non-Sardinian Europeans have North Eurasian-like ancestry that links them to Amerindian populations. It is thus possible that ASI and the East Eurasian-like admixture in North Europeans may share a common evolutionary history:
Now, consider a hypothetical population of the Indian Cline. A European population is related to it both via its ANI/West Eurasian ancestry, but also via its ASI ancestry, because the East_Eurasian component in Europeans shares a portion of ancestry (indicated by the red arrow) with ASI.
Sardinians lack (or have less of) this "red arrow" portion of ancestry.
It is also possible that ANI itself may have some East_Eurasian ancestry, like Europeans do; this is not indicated in the figure. More on this later.
D(European, Sardinian, Indian, San)
As we shall see, this takes positive values, consistent with the idea of gene flow between Europeans and Indians at the exclusion of Sardinians. However, this gene flow may involve either the West Eurasian component in the ancestry of Indians (i.e., this component is more related to Europeans than to Sardinians), or to the ASI component (which is related to Europeans via the common "red arrow" portions of ancestry).
We can figure out what is going on by trying different Indian populations along the Indian Cline, and seeing whether the D-statistic is inflated/deflated in populations of greater ANI/ASI ancestry.
Here are the results:
Russian Orcadian French Lithuanians ANI
Mala 0.0153 0.0120 0.0088 0.0131 38.86
Madiga 0.0153 0.0122 0.0091 0.0111 40.66
Chenchu 0.0157 0.0108 0.0088 0.0115 40.76
Bhil 0.0149 0.0115 0.0086 0.0124 42.96
Satnami 0.0166 0.0125 0.0091 0.0126 43.06
Kurumba 0.0156 0.0117 0.0095 0.0121 43.26
Kamsali 0.0139 0.0105 0.0088 0.0098 44.56
Vysya 0.0130 0.0099 0.0083 0.0102 46.26
Lodi 0.0143 0.0124 0.0092 0.0125 49.96
Naidu 0.0138 0.0104 0.0092 0.0108 50.16
Tharu 0.0150 0.0112 0.0095 0.0118 51.06
Velama 0.0126 0.0107 0.0083 0.0095 54.76
Srivastava 0.0144 0.0124 0.0091 0.0116 56.46
Meghawal 0.0131 0.0107 0.0088 0.0117 60.36
Vaish 0.0143 0.0144 0.0099 0.0128 62.66
Kashmiri_Pandit 0.0119 0.0116 0.0090 0.0116 70.66
Sindhi 0.0106 0.0112 0.0095 0.0111 73.76
Pathan 0.0098 0.0114 0.0087 0.0106 76.96
For each Indian Cline population, I list the ANI percentage, as estimated by Reich et al. (2009) in the last column, and the D-statistic of the above given form for different pairs of Indian and European populations.
We can plot the D-statistic vs. ANI for each of our European populations:
The correlation coefficients confirm the visual impression, that for the HGDP Russians there is a significantly negative relationship between ANI admixture in an Indian Cline population and the D-statistic:
Russian Orcadian French Lithuanians
-0.8631118 0.08670188 0.1870127 -0.1889908
In other words, the evidence for gene flow between Russians and Indians is maximized when south Indian (ASI-rich) populations are used.
The lack of a clear pattern in the other three populations is itself interesting. One possible explanation involves East Eurasian-like admixture in the ANI, a conjecture which would make sense, given that all non-Sardinian continental West Eurasians seem to possess it.
If that is true, then as we go "south" along the Indian Cline, ASI related admixture inflates the D-statistic by increasing the "red arrow" overlap with the East Eurasian-like admixture in Europeans. As we go "north" along this cline, then the D-statistic decreases, due to ASI-reduction, but also increases, due to East Eurasian-like admixture in ANI, with an end result of no clear pattern in the superposition of processes.
In any case, this is an interesting example of a crisscrossing type of admixture where unrelated processes (east Eurasian-like admixture in Russians and ASI admixture in Indians) combine to present an unusual effect.
If that is true, then as we go "south" along the Indian Cline, ASI related admixture inflates the D-statistic by increasing the "red arrow" overlap with the East Eurasian-like admixture in Europeans. As we go "north" along this cline, then the D-statistic decreases, due to ASI-reduction, but also increases, due to East Eurasian-like admixture in ANI, with an end result of no clear pattern in the superposition of processes.
In any case, this is an interesting example of a crisscrossing type of admixture where unrelated processes (east Eurasian-like admixture in Russians and ASI admixture in Indians) combine to present an unusual effect.
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Potential downtime due to network maintenance
This site and its services may experience some downtime on October 18 and 19 due to UNC ITS network maintenance; similarly, network issues took the site offline for part of October 16.
UNC ITS plans network downtime as follows:
- Thursday, Oct. 18, 6:30am to 7:30am
- Friday, Oct. 19, 5:30am to 7:00am
You can read the full announcement here.
We regret any inconvenience this may cause.
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The Future of Our Past: New Technologies for New Audiences
By Catherine Foster and Brian Brown
Certain images from the ancient past stand out in popular imagination: the “Hanging Gardens of Babylon,” Moses, David, Goliath and other characters from the Hebrew bible, and the Persian conflict with the Greeks, to name just a few. But as any specialist knows, there is much more to the history and cultures of the ancient Near East. For example, our modern judicial system—with judges, witnesses, and court records—is based on similar practices from Iraq in the second millennium BCE, while most existing alphabets derived from the Phoenicians, seafaring merchants who sailed from Lebanon thousands of years ago. Unfortunately, the wider public does not know that this region—home to some of the earliest developments in the arts and sciences, religion, and political organization—continues to exert an influence on contemporary societies around the world. Part of the mission of the Ancient Middle East Education and Research Institute (AMEERI) is to remedy this situation by making study of the ancient past a normal part of public education and mainstream media.
One way to meet this goal is to start young at the K-12 level. While concerted efforts in this regard have already been made (see, for example, the ArcSmart program), more needs to be done considering the magnitude and urgency in connecting with the next generation not just of archaeologists and art historians, but also lawyers and policy makers. It is no secret that the perceived usefulness of archaeology and ancient history has declined in mainstream culture over the past decades as more people question the relevancy of civilizations thousands of years old to their contemporary lives. The result has been consequent declines in funding and support for research into our common human history as it developed in the Middle East in the pre-Classical periods. By reaching young people specifically, we educate them at an early age on the importance of studying the ancient world and get them thinking about why things in our society are the way they are, rather than taking them as unexamined givens or part of the natural order of things. This kind of critical, self-aware viewpoint will make them better students in general, no matter what subject they gravitate to later in their studies.
Directly reaching a younger audience is only half the picture though: K-12 teachers also deserve our attention. Teachers work hard to know a little something about everything, but most have precious little time outside of the classroom to learn more. AMEERI would like to give instructors, at all levels, the training and resources to confidently and effectively teach about the art, history, and cultures of the ancient Middle East in ways that are accurate, engaging, and memorable. Resources would be based on assessed needs and range from lesson plans to a digital image library, supplies, and course workbooks. We envision teacher retreats and workshops where instructors can brainstorm ideas together or simply absorb new material through lectures and local museum tours. Programs like the UC Berkeley Office of Resources for International and Area Studies (ORIAS) Summer Institute are good models that AMEERI and other scholars of the ancient Near East can follow.
Apart from traditional workshops and teaching seminars, we need to think creatively about how students best learn. We need to seek methods that actively engage the students beyond facts, names and dates, no matter how interesting these are (at least to us). In particular, we need to offer people a means to get to know, on a more personal level, the figures that populated the ancient world, and interactively experience the kinds of situations that ancient people would have faced. In this respect the fields of archaeology and cultural heritage management have the ability to better leverage interactive media and sequential art, like video games and graphic novels, to achieve educational goals in the classroom and to reach a wider audience.
The ziggurat of Ur in Minecraft, “a game about placing blocks to build anything you can imagine.” (Image: Brandon Foster)
Games especially have the ability to go beyond simple entertainment to be truly multifaceted learning tools. Initiatives like MinecraftEdu and GameDesk are leading the charge to fully integrate gaming into curricula, thus revolutionizing the way instructors teach and students learn. Educational gaming has even been noticed at the highest levels of government. Earlier this year the Obama administration brought on board an expert in video games and education from the University of Wisconsin to shape policy around games. Since 2005 the National Science Foundation has been funding research into the potential of video and computer games, and providing direct support for educational game development through its Cyberlearning: Transforming Education program and Education Application topic (EA3), among others.
And these games need not be “serious.” Though there have been entertaining “historical” games before (like Civilization, for example), what actually happened in ancient history is usually even more interesting than the scenarios of such games. There are plenty of historical records of intrigue, of strategy, of economic competition and networks from the ancient Near East. There is nothing that should prevent students, the public, or even your colleagues from learning about the economy or politics of the ancient world while also getting in their game-playing time too! Games focused on the ancient Near East like Discover Babylon and Gates of Horus are just the beginning—we plan to take it further and hope others will follow.
This is just one potential avenue for raising the profile of the ancient Near East among K-12 students. Hopefully many of these young people will join us as tomorrow’s archaeologists, historians, anthropologists and art historians, but they will definitely be part of tomorrow’s general public, upon whom study of the ancient world depends. AMEERI is working to make sure they will be knowledgeable about the need for ongoing research into our shared human history and the ongoing influence it exerts on us thousands of years later.
Dr. Catherine Foster is co-Executive Director of AMEERI and a Cultural Property Analyst at U.S. Department of State.
Dr. Brian Brown is a Visiting Scholar at the University of California, Berkeley and co-Executive Director of AMEERI.
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Ancient mtDNA haplogroup X2 from Central Europe
Davidski reminds me of a paper by Lee et al. I had posted the abstract of, but did not comment on. He highlights the fact that mtDNA haplogroup X2 has been detected at this site (3.6-2.8ky cal BC) but not in earlier LBK Neolithic Europeans. Furthermore, he attributes the arrival of X2 in Europe to "Northwest Eurasians":
Of related interest, mtDNA haplogroup X2b has been detected in Iron Age "princely burials" from the same location and by the same group. Also from Reidla et al.:
Therefore, we can probably reject Davidski's speculation...
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Reading the quotes below, I can’t help thinking that X2 lineages in Europe might be associated with the arrival of the so called Northwest Eurasians of North/Central/East Europe and the North Caucasus, while X1 with the earlier migrations of the Sardinian-like Southwest Eurasians of Mediterranean Europe, North Africa and the Near East.
However, mtDNA haplogroup X2 seems to have originated in the Near East:
Finally, phylogeography of the subclades of haplogroup X suggests that the Near East is the likely geographical source for the spread of subhaplogroup X2, and the associated population dispersal occurred around, or after, the LGM when the climate ameliorated. The presence of a daughter clade in northern Native Americans testifies to the range of this population expansion.Moreover, it occurs at a higher frequency in Southern Europeans than Northern Europeans and is well-represented in the Caucasus, Near East, and even Africa. These twin facts are inconsistent with it being related to "Northwest Eurasians", however that hypothetical people is defined.
Of related interest, mtDNA haplogroup X2b has been detected in Iron Age "princely burials" from the same location and by the same group. Also from Reidla et al.:
The sister groups X2b and X2c (X1 and X2, respectively, in the work of Herrnstadt et al. 2002) encompass one-third of the European sequences (excluding the samples from the North Caucasus). It is of interest that some North African sequences (from Morocco and Algeria) belong to X2b as well. Subhaplogroup X2b shows a diversity that is consistent with a postglacial population expansion in both West Eurasia and North Africa.Fernandes et al. (2012) consider X2b to be of European origin. X2 has been discovered in a Megalithic long mound from France (4.2ky cal BP), and in abundance at Treilles (c. 3,000 BC), in the latter case associated with a predominantly Y-haplogroup G2a (with some I-P37.2) population. In Jean Manco's excellent compendium, X2b is also listed as being present in Neolithic Portugal (3,400 years BC), and X2j in Neolithic Germany (4625-4250 BC); the latter is said to be "North African" by Fernandes et al. (2012).
Therefore, we can probably reject Davidski's speculation...
So, X2 has been located at multiple late Neolithic sites in Central Europe, including the Corded Ware burial ground at Eulau, Eastern Germany. Of course, that’s also where Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a was found (see here). I suspect this wasn’t a coincidence and it’s likely these markers entered Europe together from the east, probably between 4,000 and 3,000 B.C.
X2 shows no association with northern Europeans at present, and occurs in ancient DNA samples from Western Europe that show no indication of being related to Y-haplogroup R1a at all, and even precede the hypothetical 4-3ky BC entry window.
Also of interest is that no X2 was mentioned in recent published data from Ukraine and West Siberia, and none of it was detected in Mesolithic Europeans. So, it seems that X2 variants entered Europe during the Neolithic, and there is no indication that they did so with Davidski's hypothetical R1a-bearing Northwest Europeans.
Also of interest is that no X2 was mentioned in recent published data from Ukraine and West Siberia, and none of it was detected in Mesolithic Europeans. So, it seems that X2 variants entered Europe during the Neolithic, and there is no indication that they did so with Davidski's hypothetical R1a-bearing Northwest Europeans.
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A nuanced reading of Earnest Hooton
AJPA DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22162
Two faces of Earnest A. Hooton
Eugene Giles
The American Anthropological Association's multimedia project, “Race: Are We So Different?” alleges that Earnest A. Hooton (1887–1954) of Harvard University was a racist eugenicist who “perhaps more than any other scientist of his time… did more to establish racial stereotypes…” and infers racism from his having sat on a National Research Council Committee on the Negro in the 1920s. I take issue with this perspective to argue against Hooton as a racist by exploring Hooton's relationship with African American students, particularly Caroline Bond Day, and with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People when it awarded a medal to Charles R. Drew, M.D. In the heyday of eugenics, Hooton was an atypical eugenicist in espousing a resolutely nonracial view of the woes of humankind perpetuated by what he considered the biologically unfit. As eugenics and Nazism became conflated in the late 1930s, Hooton hewed to a path that was more antiracist than many of his anthropological colleagues and publicly disputed Nazi racial ideology. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Two faces of Earnest A. Hooton
Eugene Giles
The American Anthropological Association's multimedia project, “Race: Are We So Different?” alleges that Earnest A. Hooton (1887–1954) of Harvard University was a racist eugenicist who “perhaps more than any other scientist of his time… did more to establish racial stereotypes…” and infers racism from his having sat on a National Research Council Committee on the Negro in the 1920s. I take issue with this perspective to argue against Hooton as a racist by exploring Hooton's relationship with African American students, particularly Caroline Bond Day, and with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People when it awarded a medal to Charles R. Drew, M.D. In the heyday of eugenics, Hooton was an atypical eugenicist in espousing a resolutely nonracial view of the woes of humankind perpetuated by what he considered the biologically unfit. As eugenics and Nazism became conflated in the late 1930s, Hooton hewed to a path that was more antiracist than many of his anthropological colleagues and publicly disputed Nazi racial ideology. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Link
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Star Wars Flash Mob
Click here to view the embedded video.
Featuring members of the WDR Radio Orchestra. HT Nancy French
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Kunsthal Rotterdam Theft: Where Were the Guards? (plus director’s statement)
Among the Missing: Matisse, "La Liseuse en Blanc et Jaune" ("The Reader in White and Yellow"), 1919, Triton FoundationWhere were the guards? Apparently there weren't any.By now you've no doubt seen some of the numerous reports and speculative commentary regarding...
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Open Access Article- Flexibility and Creativity in Microblade...
Open Access Article- Flexibility and Creativity in Microblade Core Manufacture in Southern Primorye, Far East Russia
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National Archaeology Day
University of Colorado Museum of Natural History, Archaeological Institute of America, Boulder Chapter, Archaeological Institute of America, Denver Chapter, University of Colorado Anthropology, University of Colorado Classics, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, History Colorado, Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation
National Archaeology Day
Saturday, October 20, 2012 - 10:00am - 4:00pm
National Archaeology Day
Saturday, October 20, 2012 - 10:00am - 4:00pm
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Penn Museum, Arden Theatre Company, and Freud’s obsession with antiquities
The Arden Theatre Company, in Old City Philadelphia, is setting the stage for a unique new production… with some help from the Penn Museum.
The Arden’s upcoming show, Freud’s Last Session, is set in the London office of Dr. Sigmund Freud—a famed psychologist with a penchant for collecting antiquities. In order to accurately recreate Freud’s workspace, the Arden’s production team began searching for appropriate items with which to populate the set. That search led the Arden’s staff into contact with the Penn Museum, where our collections not only boast roughly one million objects, but also include numerous replicas of authentic artifacts. The Museum was able to lend some of these replicas to help fill out Freud’s office.
Chris Haig, Props Master, was tasked with overseeing the collection of these items. Mr. Haig (shown at left) came to the Penn Museum and enjoyed a walkthrough of possible items which could be lent for the project. He came away with replicas of a 5th-century BCE Greek Terracotta vase, a 1st- to 2nd-century BCE statuette of Aphrodite from Benghazi, and 15 more replicas of objects from the Penn Museum.
On Wednesday, October 24 at 8:00 pm, the final dress rehearsal of Freud’s Last Session is being held at the Arden Theatre Company, at 40 N. 2nd Street in Philadelphia, with all ticket sales going to benefit the Penn Museum. For tickets and more info about Freud’s Last Session, click here.
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Finding a Job in Archaeology
David gave a very good talk yesterday about getting a job in archaeology. I have embedded it below. The first few minutes are probably the best explanation about why we do what we do e.g. bad pay, hard work, most fun you can have with your pants on (trousers for non-americans). (IF you are reading this in an RSS feed you may have to click through to see it)
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Mysteries of Eleusis. Images of inscriptions
Mysteries of Eleusis. Images of inscriptions
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This database consists of images of ancient inscriptions on stone from Eleusis. The images currently available are derived from photographs copyrighted by Professor Kevin Clinton (Department of Classics). Images from museums will be added as permission from the museums is granted; in the meantime only thumbnail views can be presented. All the photographs will be printed in Professor Clinton's edition of all documents of the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore and the public documents of the deme, currently being published by the Archaeological Society at Athens. See Eleusis, The Inscriptions on Stone: Documents of the Sanctuary of the Two Goddesses and Public Documents of the Deme, Volume IA (Text) and IB (Plates), Athens 2005 (ISSN 1105-7785, Set 960-8145-48-1, The Archaeological Society at Athens, Panepistimiou 22, Athens 106 72). Volume II (Commentary) is in press.
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Lecture on Geography and the Bible
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Stories of Rescue: Niels Bohr
If you’re interested in reading something slightly different, take a look at this short blog I wrote for the Wiener Library on Niels Bohr’s efforts as a rescuer during the Holocaust. Bohr’s attempts to get young scientists out of Nazi-occupied Europe make me think about the ways in which globalization has helped create a discourse between researchers around the world.
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beatricekelly
Somehow the people responsible for this found a way in and a way out and they found time to take seven paintings.
Roland Ekkers, a spokesman for Rotterdam police, on the recent theft of seven paintings from the city’s Kunsthal Museum. I find it shocking that only a day after one of the biggest art thefts in history, the story no longer makes it onto the front page of the websites of either the Washington Post or the New York Times. Sad, isn’t it?
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Sauromney
A friend of mine made the the above Lord of the Rings/Binders full of Women Romney-Sauron meme mash up. I thought it was awesome, and still do – but I am not sure whether it outdoes what another friend forwarded to me:
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New URL for Knowledge and Power
The Knowledge and Power website is one of the most helpful ANE resources on the web. It is a treasure trove of texts, bibliographies, teaching resources, etc. on the Neo-Assyrian royal court. If you haven’t checked it out then by all means do but if you have it bookmarked their URL has changed to http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/knpp/.
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Sad News: Frank Cross Died Today
Frank Moore Cross was a giant in the field of Hebrew Bible studies in general and Northwest Semitic epigraphy and the Dead Sea Scrolls in particular. Cross was 92.
I doubt there is anyone in the field who doesn’t own a couple of his books and read dozens of his many papers. I sure do and I have. I’d guess many scholars have cited even more of his books and papers than they have actually read. That’s the way it is with giants.
I met Cross briefly at Gezer in the early 1970’s. But it would be wrong to say that I knew him other than through his work.
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